Prevention of rat liver fibrosis by selective targeting of hepatic stellate cells using hesperidin carriers
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Liver fibrosis is a major disorder that can increase the risk of hepatic cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis is strongly associated with chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis viral infection and autoimmune hepatitis. It is characterized by impaired liver function and increased production of extracellular matrix proteins (Bataller and Brenner, 2005). Currently there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis, although transplantation remains the last management option (Böttcher and Pinzani, 2017, Koyama et al., 2016). Thus, the successful pharmacological treatment of liver fibrosis remains challenging and investigation of new therapeutically relevant strategies is warranted. Several pharmaceutical actives have been evaluated for their potential to reduce the fibrogenesis in chronic liver disease (Bansal et al., 2016). The conventional therapy of antifibrotic drugs lack effectiveness due to poor tissue penetration and insufficient drug concentration in the hepatic cells (Cohen-Naftaly and Friedman, 2011). This is primarily because the drugs are neither liver specific nor fibrosis specific. Similarly, the tolerability and severe adverse effects during chronic therapy also limits the treatment of liver fibrosis. Several studies indicate that the antifibrogenic activities of many potent drugs that act on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have shown limited therapeutic effectiveness when experimented in vivo. This is essentially due to low uptake of these drugs by major cell type responsible for the liver fibrogenesis namely, HSCs (Schon et al., 2016). Therefore, there is a need for a safe, effective, sustained and targeted delivery of antifibrotic drugs to the HSCs in order to improve their therapeutic efficacy. In this perspective, hesperidin, a natural flavonoid abundantly present in citrus is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties (Saiprasad et al., 2013). Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis have been suggested as targets for intervention to ameliorate the progression of liver fibrosis (Czaja, 2014, Wang, 2014). Hesperidin has considerable antifibrotic activity (Elshazly and Mahmoud, 2014, Pérez-Vargas et al., 2014), however, it has poor oral bioavailability and targeting efficiency. Thus, a drug delivery system that can effectively transport this drug to HSCs could be beneficial.
The potential of conventional carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, nanosuspensions, polymeric conjugates, niosomes, etc.) to alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs and provide passive liver targeting has been well documented (Rohilla et al., 2016, Wadhwa et al., 2012). Subsequently, the prospective of selective and preferential delivery of drugs to the liver has been designed and explored as an attractive approach to improve their efficacy as well as reduce uptake in non-target cells (Poelstra et al., 2012). Receptor-mediated drug targeting was achieved by making use of site directed ligands, which enable the homing of drug moieties to the most relevant target cells (Kawakami and Hashida, 2014). This active targeting approach utilized different ligands such as asialofetuin, fucose, galactose, lactobionic acid, mannose, mannose-6-phosphate (M6P), and peptides to develop cell specific drug targeting moieties. Moreover, these ligands provide selective binding to receptors found in all resident intrahepatic cells including hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and HSCs, which are identified as prominent liver cells in various liver diseases (Kawakami and Hashida, 2014, Mishra et al., 2013, Rohilla et al., 2016). Among the conventional carriers outlined above, the prospective of liposomes to provide liver specific delivery of drugs, genes and oligonucleotides has been widely studied by coupling with various targeting ligands such as galactose, lactose, peptide, sterylglucoside, and vitamin A (Poelstra et al., 2012, Rohilla et al., 2016).
In general, targeting of potential antifibrotic drugs to the liver and in particular to the HSCs provides opportunity for successful treatment of liver fibrosis with reduced side effects (Li and Wang, 2009). The activated HSCs are mainly responsible for production of matrix proteins and play a crucial role in the initiation and propagation of liver fibrosis (Elpek, 2014, Higashi et al., 2017). Thus, the primary strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis relies on the potential to inhibit the activation of HSCs. Subsequently, researchers explored the feasibility to achieve more specific targeting of antifibrotic agents to activated HSCs and binding sites that are highly expressed on these cells in fibrotic liver (Adrian et al., 2007a). Extensive studies in the past decade have engendered different HSCs selective systems with lower systemic distribution, greater efficiency, and therefore reduced toxicity to non-target site (Li and Wang, 2009). For instance, Beljaars et al. (2000) have demonstrated the HSCs targeting potential of albumin modified peptide moieties as a homing device that recognized the collagen type VI receptor. Similarly, the effective targeting of protein-based systems substituted with sugar moieties as M6P to the HSCs was used (Gary-Bobo et al., 2007). This neoglycoprotein, namely M6P-albumin, facilitates selective binding to cation-independent M6P/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors (M6P/IGF2-R), which are highly upregulated on activated HSCs during liver fibrosis (Adrian et al., 2007a). Remarkable progress has been made and these M6P-albumin based drug carriers were further conjugated with liposomes, which made them an excellent delivery carrier for drug targeting (Li and Wang, 2009). Typically, these surface modified liposomes increase binding to M6P/IGF2-R and intracellular uptake by HSCs as well as provide high drug encapsulation efficiency (Adrian et al., 2006, Adrian et al., 2007a). Thus, this liposome conjugated carriers open leads for new therapeutic interventions and has demonstrated their potential to function as an effective system to enhance the delivery of various antifibrotic agents (Dutta et al., 2017, Fiume et al., 2014, Patel et al., 2012). In this context, M6P-albumin conjugated to hesperidin-loaded liposome carrier system can improve its efficacy and attenuate liver fibrosis via targeting HSCs by providing sustained and cell-specific delivery at an optimal rate. Thus, the objective of the current study was to carry out a systematic investigation on the possible formulation of M6P-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated hesperidin-loaded liposomes carrier system for potential HSCs specific targeting to prevent rat liver fibrosis.
Section snippets
Materials
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE), 1-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, acetonitrile, bovine serum albumin, cholesterol, hesperidin, mannose, sebacic acid, soya lecithin, and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received without any processing.
Quantification of hesperidin
Chromatographic separation and quantification of hesperidin was carried out using a high performance liquid
Evaluation of hesperidin-loaded liposomes
Four different hesperidin-loaded surface-modified liposome formulations were prepared (H1-H4) by thin film hydration method and their compositions were summarized in Table 1. These liposome formulations were evaluated for their basic physicochemical characteristics and the results were depicted in Table 2. It was evident from Table 2 that the percentage yield (∼60 to 70%) and EE (∼62 to 74%) observed in formulations (H1-H4) were relatively high and were also reproducible. As anticipated, the
Discussion
Successful pharmacological therapy of liver diseases is predicated on the achievement of sustainable therapeutically relevant drug concentration in the target cells of the liver. In the current study, conventional carriers were extensively used to change the biological behavior and body distribution of various drugs. These carriers require optimal characteristics for their usage in vivo and to achieve effective liver targeting. Therefore, four formulations were prepared to optimize various
Conclusion
This study demonstrated the feasibility of HSCs specific targeting of hesperidin in fibrotic rats by the potential drug carrier developed. The successful delivery was achieved by encapsulating hesperidin in surface modified liposomes and coupling them with a site directed ligands (M6P-BSA) recognized by HSCs. Various formulation factors were cautiously examined and optimized in each phase of the study to enable sustained and liver specific delivery of hesperidin. Indeed, the physicochemical
Acknowledgment
The research team would like to thank the General Directorate of Research Grants (GDRG) at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia, for funding the present research project (Project # LGP-35-112).
Declarations of interest
None.
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