Prospects of host-associated microorganisms in fish and penaeids as probiotics with immunomodulatory functions

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.023

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

Volume 45, Issue 1, July 2015, Pages 2-12

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.023 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Probiotics are highly regarded as an important prophylactic agent in aquaculture.
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There can never be a single probiotic microorganism that can be universally used.
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Host-associated microorganisms have great potential to be utilized as probiotics.
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Host-derived probiotics are widely utilized in fish but not in penaeids.
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Immunomodulation is one of the beneficial mechanisms of host-derived probiotics.

Abstract

Aquatic animals harbor a great number of microorganisms with interesting biological and biochemical diversity. Besides serving as the natural defense system of the host, the utilization potential of this microbial association has been identified particularly as reservoirs of candidate probiotics. Host-derived probiotics have gained popularity in recent years as they offer an alternative source of beneficial microbes to the industry that is customarily dependent on the use of terrestrial microorganisms. At present, there is an overwhelming number of candidate probiotics in aquaculture but their large-scale application is restricted by bio-technological concerns and fragmentary documented probiotic actions. This paper presents the current understanding on the use of probiotics as a sustainable alternative that promotes health and welfare in fish and penaeids. In particular, this paper discusses the relevance of host microbiota and its potential as a source of candidate probiotics. It also revisits the interaction between probiotics and host immunity to provide the foundation of the immunomodulatory functions of host-derived probiotics. Several studies demonstrating the immunomodulatory capabilities of host-derived candidate probiotics are given to establish the current knowledge and provide avenues for future research and development in this thematic area of probiotics research in aquaculture.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Aquaculture remains as an important food producing industry in the world [1], [2], but is challenged by several daunting issues on sustainability from biological, environmental and socio-economic points of view. On the context of preventive health care, the question of “what is the best method or strategy that provides the best benefits to the host but with least side effects?” remains persistently explored. There is a growing and strong interest on the use of probiotics as a sustainable alternative that can improve the health and welfare of aquaculture species [3], [4], [5]. The manner by which probiotics is utilized has definitely come a long way and its application in aquatic animals has provided significant contribution for its conceptual expansion and diversification.

This paper discusses the current understanding of probiotics as a sustainable alternative in aquaculture. Probiotics research is a dynamic science [5] and as a support to the continuous search for beneficial microorganisms, this paper highlights the potential of host microbiota as a source of probiotic candidates in fish and penaeids. At present, probiotic action is regarded as a multifaceted phenomenon where different mechanisms contribute in delivering the benefits to the host and its environment. Host-associated microorganisms exhibit varied probiotic characteristics. In this review paper, evidences of their immunomodulatory functions are synthesized in order to establish the current status of this important area in probiotics research and to identify gaps that should be addressed in succeeding studies to further its application in aquaculture.

Section snippets

Improving health and welfare through sustainable strategies

What defines a successful and sustainable aquaculture? A number of criteria have been identified and there is a commonality that health and welfare is one of the major foundations supporting the sustainability of the aquaculture industry, regardless of the commodity (Fig. 1).

Considerable attention has been given to welfare as it has substantial impacts on stress response, health and resistance to diseases of the animal [6]. The emergence and outbreaks of infectious diseases in aquaculture are

Significance of host microbiota in aquatic organisms

Microorganisms are distributed in various ecological niches and they serve as important component of the population. In fact, virtually all multicellular organisms live in close association with surrounding microbes and majority of the living organisms are host to large microbial associations. The collection of microorganisms that are living in peaceful and harmonious coexistence with their hosts has been referred to as the microbiota, microflora or normal flora [25], [26]. Interestingly, the

Probiotic concept in aquaculture and in the changing world

The advancement in probiotic research is not merely on the technologies being used but on the collective understanding of the concept as a whole. There are apparent differences between the terrestrial (i.e. human) and aquatic (i.e. fish) environments and that play considerable factors in the effectivity of probiotic application. The need for contextual and working definition intended for aquaculture had been raised [5], [39] and this was supported by a number of research publications that

Host and non-host derived probiotics

Several researchers working on probiotics have proposed defined procedural strategies on the selection and evaluation of probiotics for farmed aquatic animals [23], [24]. These strategies can be divided into five principal ideas: 1) Isolation, refers to how and where the candidate microorganism(s) is(are) isolated; 2) Micro-evaluation, refers to the identification and in vitro characterization of the probiotic properties of the candidate microorganism(s); 3) Application, refers to the

Probiotics modulate host immunity

The capability of probiotics in modulating the host immunity has definitely given sufficient rationalization for their use as an immunoprophylactic agent. A properly functioning and well-balanced immune system for maintaining health has been given immense attention over the past few decades not just in human but also in farmed animals including the aquaculture species. Therefore any substances/factors that can influence the activity of the host immunity, predominantly by boosting the system to

Host-derived candidate probiotics exhibit immunomodulatory capabilities

Host-derived candidate probiotics exhibit beneficial properties (e.g. inhibition of pathogens, production of metabolites) similarly to previously documented characteristics of established probiotics. However, there is no evidence showing that host-derived probiotics are acting in different mechanisms than the non-host ones as comparative approaches are not a popular strategy. Differences may likely arise on the probiotic strain, the host and the physico-chemical conditions of the rearing

The future of host-derived probiotics

Indeed, fish and penaeids are host to biologically and biochemically diverse microbial communities that exhibit immense potential for downstream utilization. In particular, the microbial assemblages of aquatic animals offer a promising alternative source of probiotics.

The host-associated candidate probiotics have numerous beneficial properties and immunomodulation is one of them. The host immunity is a crucial machinery that functions as a defense system and studies suggest that probiotics

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincerest appreciation to their respective institutions for the support provided during the writing of this paper.

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¹: Present address: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021, Philippines.

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Prospects of host-associated microorganisms in fish and penaeids as probiotics with immunomodulatory functions

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Improving health and welfare through sustainable strategies

Significance of host microbiota in aquatic organisms

Probiotic concept in aquaculture and in the changing world

Host and non-host derived probiotics

Probiotics modulate host immunity

Host-derived candidate probiotics exhibit immunomodulatory capabilities

The future of host-derived probiotics

Acknowledgments

Aquaculture

Aquaculture

Appl Anim Behav Sci

Prev Vet Med

J Invertebr Pathol

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Vaccine

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Vet Microbiol

Gastroenterology

Aquaculture

Trends Food Sci Technol

Comp Biochem Physiol – B Biochem Mol Biol

Vet Immunol Immunopathol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Curr Opin Biotechnol

Aquaculture

Anaerobe

Aquaculture

Meat Sci

Am J Clin Nutr

Int J Food Microbiol

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Vet Microbiol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Dev Comp Immunol

Mucosal Immunol

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Aquaculture

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Fish Shellfish Immunol

Aquaculture

Aquaculture development – the blue revolution

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2012

Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in fish and shellfish

Microb Ecol Health Dis