Study of mechanical, micro-structural and environmental properties of concrete containing zinc industry waste for pavements
Introduction
With an advancement in the construction industry and infrastructure sector, the requirement of concrete and its constituent materials such as cement binder, coarse aggregates and natural sand is increasing exponentially. It has been estimated that at least one ton of concrete is being utilized by every individual in the world [1]. Thus, concrete is the third most consumed material by humans after air and water. Concrete’sbinding property and strength comes from the cement, thus, making cement the most important ingredient of its production. But the cement industry is under scrutiny these days due to emission of a large amount of at the time of its production. As public become more aware about the impact of anthropogenic carbon gases (that are released by the cement industry) on the climate has forced us to look for alternatives for the cement.
The production of cement (an energy intensive process) has increased manifolds in the past one decade in order to satisfy ever increasing demand of the construction industry. Various studies showed that about 5% of total produced globally is released by the cement industry alone and it is expected that this percentage will increase to 8% in the near future. So there is a need to tackle this problem and various studies are presently being conducted in which 30% or more amount of cement is being replaced by its alternatives such as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). It is expected that this will cause a reverse in its emission content in the atmosphere [2], [3], [4]. Such alternatives are available as the by-products from various processes taking place in the industries.
Further, every year solid waste of about 960 million tones is produced in India. Its enormous production is causing the environment toxic and also increasing the cost of maintaining the landfills. This requires its proper management and solutions to tackle its production [5]. Solid wastes like fly ash, slags, red mud, silica fumes, cement kiln dust are produced from thermal power plants, steel and iron industry, non- ferrous industries, cement industry respectively [6]. Replacement of cement by these solid waste products from the industry can aid in solving both problems of acting as cement substitute in concrete and safe disposal of these toxic by-products.
Section snippets
Zinc industry waste-Jarosite
Jarosite is a toxic waste which is produced by the zinc industry. Jarosite is generated when a rich zinc ore is roasted at a temperature of and is then subjected to leaching with the help of a hot acid. It is produced as a waste by almost all the developed and developing countries like India, China, Canada, Australia, Holland, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Finland, Korea, Argentina and Mexico. 0.60 million tonnes of hazardous zinc residue is generated by the European Union every
Materials Used
Jarosite used in this study was procured from the Hindustan Zinc Limited, Debari, Udaipur, India. It is a yellow colored and fine textured material as shown in Fig. 1. The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image of jarosite is shown in Fig. 2. Its SEM analysis shows the flaky shaped particles. Further, its chemical analysis is shown in Table 1. The 43-grade cement used in this study conforming with IS: 8112 [23] was brought from the local vendor. Specific gravity of cement was 3.15 and its
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength results were shown in Fig. 3 which illustrates that as the curing days were increased, the strength of all the mixes also increased. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of reference mix was 46 MPa, which was 12.4% more when compared to that of the J25 mix strength. At 90 curing days, the compressive strength of all the mixes were increased by a significant percentage. The compressive strength of M40, J10, J15, J20 and J25 mixes after 90 days curing was 57
Conclusion
The focus of this paper was to study the impact of jarosite on various concrete properties. In this study, the effect was assessed by varying the jarosite percentage in a concrete mix as a replacement of cement and comparing it with the M40 control mix. Mechanical, durability and micro structural properties were studied by preparing 5 concrete mixes (including the control mix). The following conclusions were drawn:
- 1.
The mechanical properties like compressive and flexural strength showed a
Ethical statement
Declarations of interest: none. Further this study is not funded by any agency.
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