Elsevier

Carbohydrate Polymers

Volume 241, 1 August 2020, 116345
Carbohydrate Polymers

Biomimicry of microbial polysaccharide hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine – A review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116345Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • Biomimicry of microbial polysaccharide hydrogels as TERM scaffolds is discussed.

  • Microbial polysaccharides form hydrogels easily but lack bioactivity.

  • Emphasis is placed on material blending with bioactive materials for bioactivity.

  • A list of organic and inorganic bioactive materials is curated in this review.

Abstract

Hydrogels as artificial biomaterial scaffolds offer a much favoured 3D microenvironment for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Towards biomimicry of the native ECM, polysaccharides from Nature have been proposed as ideal surrogates given their biocompatibility. In particular, derivatives from microbial sources have emerged as economical and sustainable biomaterials due to their fast and high yielding production procedures. Despite these merits, microbial polysaccharides do not interact biologically with human tissues, a critical limitation hampering their translation into paradigmatic scaffolds for in vitro 3D cell culture. To overcome this, chemical and biological functionalization of polysaccharide scaffolds have been explored extensively. This review outlines the most recent strategies in the preparation of biofunctionalized gellan gum, xanthan gum and dextran hydrogels fabricated exclusively via material blending. Using inorganic or organic materials, we discuss the impact of these approaches on cell adhesion, proliferation and viability of anchorage-dependent cells for various TERM applications.’

Chemical compounds studied in this article

Alpha-tricalcium phosphate (PubChem CID: 223738661)
Chitosan (PubChem CID: 71853)
Halloysite nanotubes (PubChem CID: 329760969)
Konjac (PubChem CID: 404772408)
Magnetite (PubChem CID: 176330884)
Manuka honey (PubChem CID: 381129233)
Mesoporous silica (PubChem CID: 329769031)
Polypyrrole (PubChem CID: 386264466)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 11199)
Sanguinarine (PubChem CID: 5154)

Keywords

Microbial polysaccharide hydrogel
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM)
Biofunctionalization
Material blending
Cell proliferation

Abbreviations

3D
three dimension
μCT
microcomputed tomography
ACC
amorphous calcium carbonate
ADSC
adipose-derived stem cell
AF
annulus fibrous
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ATCC
American Type Culture Collection
BAG
bioactive glass
BMSC
bone marrow stromal cell
CA
carbonic anhydrase
CaCO3
calcium carbonate
CaCl2
calcium chloride
CaGP
calcium glycerophosphate
CaP
calcium phosphate
CD44
cluster of differentiation 44
CECS
N-carboxyethyl chitosan
CLSM
confocal laser scanning microscopy
CMC
carboxymethyl cellulose
CPUN
cationic polyurethane soft nanoparticles
DBP
demineralized bone powder
DexS
dextran sulfate
DMSO
dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA
deoxyribonucleotide acid
EAC
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
ECM
extracellular matrix
FDA
food and drug administration
GAGs
glycosaminoglycans
GD
gallus var domesticus
GG-PEGDA
gellan gum-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
GGMA
methacrylated gellan gum
HA
hyaluronan
HAp
hydroxyapatite
HDF
human dermal fibroblast
HNT
halloysite nanotubes
hMSC
human mesenchymal stem cells
HNSC
human neural stem cell
HUVEC
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
ICP-OES
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
ISH
ion-sensitive hydrogel
KCl
potassium chloride
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
MTT
((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide))
MTS
((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium))
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSC
mesenchymal stem cell
NCH
nanocomposite hydrogel
NP
nucleus pulposus
OC
ostechondral
PBS
phosphate buffered saline
PCL
polycaprolactone
PDMS
polydimethylsiloxane
PEI
polyethyleneimine
PET
positron emission tomography
PLA
(poly(lactic acid))
PPy
polypyrrole
PVA
polyvinyl alcohol
qPCR
quantitative polymerase chain reaction
rGO
reduced graphene oxide
ROS
reactive oxygen species
RT-PCR
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
SEM
scanning electron microscopy
SF/GG
silk fibroin/gellan gum
TCP
alpha-tricalcium phosphate
TERM
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Tg–s
sol-gel transition temperature
Tgelation
gelation temperature
TGG
thiolated gellan gum
TiO2
titanium oxide
TNF-α
tumor necrosis factor alpha
U
urease
XG
xanthan gum

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