Review
Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016Get rights and content
Under an Elsevier user license
open archive

Highlights

  • Cells respond to stress by increasing the levels of a diverse group of intracellular second messengers

  • Stress responsive intracellular second messengers include both familiar (e.g. ROS) and less well known (e.g. iron) molecules

  • Stress mediated responses involve a plethora of second messenger activated proteins and cellular pathways

Abstract

Alterations in the levels of numerous second messengers are ubiquitous responses to all stresses that lead to apoptotic or hormetic responses. The sheer number and vast diversity of different second messenger systems activated in response to stresses belies a complexity that is often overlooked. This negligence is in large part due to the excessive focus on classical stress responsive second messenger mediators of stress especially Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) but also others like calcium and ceramide. Here we review the many different intracellular second messengers that are involved in stress responses. We further integrate this information to emphasize that initial stress mediated responses consist of increased levels of a multitude of intracellular second messengers that serve to elicit the appropriate cell survival and/or cell death responses. We suggest that a greater focus on second messenger systems may shed more light on the processes that serve in the initiation of stress mediated PCD.

Abbreviations

AC
adenylyl cyclase
NH4
ammonia
AVD
apoptotic volume decrease
AhR
arylhydrocarbon receptor
Ca2+
calcium
CAMK
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase
C1P
ceramide 1 phosphate
CAPK
ceramide activated protein kinase
CBS
cystathionine β-synthase
CSE
cystathionine γ-lyase
DAG
diacylglycerol
Epac
exchange protein activated by cAMP
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
GPCR
G-protein Coupled Receptors
HO
heme oxygenase
HIF
hypoxia inducible factor
H2
hydrogen
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
H2S
hydrogen sulfide
4HNE
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
IP3
inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate
IP3R
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor
pHi
intracellular pH
LIP
labile iron pool
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
3MST
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
MPP+
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
NO
nitric oxide
NOS
nitric oxide synthase
O2
oxygen
PLC
phospholipase C
PLCβ
phospholipase C-β
PIP2
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate
PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acid
PCB
polychlorinated biphenyl
PKA
protein kinase A
PKC
protein kinase C
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
RyR
ryanodine receptor
SERCA
sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases
SMS
sphingomyelin synthase
S1P
sphingosine-1-phosphate
SOD
superoxide dismutase
UV
ultraviolet

Cited by (0)

1

Equal contributions.