Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole for the immobilization of galactose oxidase

doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(98)80108-2

Synthetic Metals

Volume 92, Issue 2, 30 January 1998, Pages 173-178

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(98)80108-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

Based on the results of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiment, the images of the polypyrrole films are modified, which are dependent on the composition of the pyrrole solution for electrolysis and the method of electrolysis. Only one kind of polypyrrole film, which is synthesized using repeated potential cycling in the solution consisting of 0.1 M pyrrole and 1 M NaCl with pH 2, can be used for the immobilization of galactose oxidase. The Raman spectra of the polypyrrole galactose oxidase electrode show a characteristic peak of the amino acid, which is evidence for galactose oxidase immobilized in the polypyrrole film. The enzyme electrode has a bioelectrochemical response to galactose; its response current increases linearly with increasing concentration of galactose in the range below 2 mM. Thus, this enzyme electrode can be used to determine galactose concentration.

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A novel amperometric galactose biosensor based on galactose oxidase-poly(N-glycidylpyrrole-co-pyrrole)
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Citation Excerpt :
A combination of the immobilized enzyme and electrochemical method provides a fast and reliable method to study the enzyme-catalyzed reaction kinetics and determine the substrate concentration. Galactose oxidase is the most commonly used enzyme for galactose determinations [4,7,8]. Various amperometric biosensors containing the immobilized galactose oxidase have been reported to use for the galactose detection [9–11].
A novel amperometric galactose biosensor was constructed by immobilization of galactose oxidase (GAox) onto poly(N-glycidylpyrrole-co-pyrrole) film. GAox enzyme was immobilized onto the electrochemically prepared novel conducting polymer film by direct one-step covalent attachment without using any coupling agents. The biosensor surface was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Amperometric response was measured as a function of concentration of galactose, at fixed potential of +0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.5). The mediated hydrogen peroxide biosensor had a fast response of less than 5 s with linear range 2–16 mM. The sensitivity of the biosensor for galactose was 1.75 μA/mM. The factors influencing on the performance of the resulting biosensor were studied in detail.
Construction of biosensor for determination of galactose with galactose oxidase immobilized on polymeric mediator contains ferrocene
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A galactose biosensor was developed by immobilizing galactose oxidase (GAox) on poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-vinylferrocene) (poly (GMA-co-VFc)) film. The enzyme was immobilized via amine group onto polymeric mediator. The biosensor was characterized by the specific activity of the immobilized galactose oxidase, the apparent Michaelis constant $K_{M}^{app}$ , and the stability expressed by time and a number of the performed analysis. The optimized galactose biosensor exhibited a linear response range from 2 to 20 M and detection limit of 0.1 mM toward galactose. The response time of the biosensor was 5 s. The effects of the pH and the temperature of the immobilized galactose oxidase electrode were also studied.
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Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been immobilized within poly(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (p-DMAEM) microparticles which were subsequently used as biological material in the fabrication of a glucose biosensor. The enzyme immobilization method was optimized in relation with the monomer concentration and cross-linker content. It was found that the best biosensor response corresponds to microparticles synthesized with 1.19 M monomer and 0.37% cross-linking content. Furthermore, the influence on the biosensor response of parameters such as working potential, pH, temperature, and loaded enzyme were investigated. In addition, analytical properties such as sensitivity, linear range, response time, and detection limit were determined. The biosensor was used to analyze glucose in human serum samples with satisfactory results. The useful lifetime of the biosensor is at least 520 days.
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Enzyme electrodes based on methacrylates have received significant attention in the development of biosensors. This article reviews the use and application of methacrylate and its derivatives as an immobilization system for the preparation of enzyme electrodes. Resent examples, extracted from the literature, illustrate the superior performance of such materials in the fabrication of biosensors and bioreactors.
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Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole for the immobilization of galactose oxidase

Abstract

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Biosensor Actuators

J. Electroanal. Chem.

Synth. Met.

J. Electroanal. Chem.

Synth. Met.

J. Electroanal. Chem.

J. Electroanal. Chem.