Chapter 6 Reactive Oxygen Species in Phanerochaete chrysosporium Relationship Between Extracellular Oxidative and Intracellular Antioxidant Systems
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Extracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation
Lignin plays a key role in the carbon cycle as the most abundant aromatic compound in nature, providing the protective matrix surrounding the cellulose microfibrils of plant cell walls. This amorphous and insoluble polymer lacks stereoregularity and, in contrast to cellulose and hemicellulose, it is not susceptible to hydrolytic attack. Lignin is made up of phenylpropanoid units which are linked by a variety of carbonācarbon and carbonāoxygen bonds, making it very difficult to degrade. However,
Intracellular ROS Formation
The major part of oxygen consumed by aerobic cells is converted into water in mitochondria via a four-electron reduction reaction, catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase (respiratory complex IV). A much smaller part is converted into H2O2 as a result of two-electron reduction, catalyzed by a number of enzymes. It should be emphasized that in addition to the most active ensemble of oxidoreductases, known as the respiratory chain, intact mitochondria contain a number of oxidoreductases both in the
The glutathione
Glutathione (Ī³-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) is synthesized through the activity of two enzymes, the Ī³-l-glutamyl-l-cysteine ligase (GCL) and the glutathione synthetase (GS). In P. chrysosporium, one GCL (PcGCL) and also one GS (PcGS) are predicted from the sequenced genome (Table I). In addition, glutathione has been detected in this fungus (Belinky et al., 2003). Glutathione plays a major role in ROS detoxification, reacting directly with different compounds such as hydrogen peroxide or
Relationship Between Intracellular ROS and Lignin Degradation
The formation of LiP is particularly dependent on exposure of cultures to high oxygen tensions; indeed, cultures of P. chrysosporium which are oxygen starved at the pellet centre produce much lower levels of LiPs and MnPs (Dosoretz et al., 1990). It has been thus proposed that a high partial pressure of oxygen in the culture headspace is needed to make sufficient oxygen available to the submerged hyphae (Michel et al., 1992). Oxygen has, however, the potential to give rise to toxic oxygen-free
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News on the redox frontāA follow-up of ABR volume 52: Oxidative stress and redox regulation in plants
2021, Advances in Botanical ResearchFungal lignin-modifying enzymes induced by vinasse mycodegradation and its relationship with oxidative stress
2020, Biocatalysis and Agricultural BiotechnologyCitation Excerpt :The excretion of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes is partially related to the fungal intracellular redox state. This suggested an association between the intracellular antioxidant system and the production of extracellular ROS by the fungus (Morel et al., 2009). Understanding this intricate role of antioxidation metabolism in Pleurotus raises the need to obtain more consistent results regarding the production of specific enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GR.
Analyzing Phanerochaete chrysosporium gene expression patterns controlling the molecular fate of lignocellulose degrading enzymes
2018, Process BiochemistryCitation Excerpt :Thus, resulting in higher expression of genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Various studies have confirmed the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxy radicals (OH*) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by ligninolytic peroxidases during the degradation of lignin [6,38ā41]. Interaction of ROS, OH*, H2O2 and superoxide anion with DNA and other macromolecules results in various forms of DNA lesions challenging the cell survival by causing various detrimental effects [42].
Oxidative stress-induced autophagy in plants: The role of mitochondria
2012, Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCitation Excerpt :It is well known that Complex I produces O2ā exclusively into the mitochondrial matrix, whereas complex III produces O2ā at both the matrix and cytosolic sides. Moreover, when Complex III is inhibited by Antimycin A, it produces large amounts of O2ā [83]. The most effectively the autophagosomal formation was induced when both main and alternative pathways were inhibited (Fig. 2B).
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2011, Journal of Biological ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Phanerochaete chrysosporium is considered as the model organism to study the physiology of white rot fungi, the only known microorganisms able to completely break down lignin to carbon dioxide and water (1ā3).
The Nox/Ferric reductase/Ferric reductase-like families of Eumycetes
2010, Fungal BiologyCitation Excerpt :Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) have been implicated in two major aspects of fungal biology. First, they participate in the degradation of the plant biomass, especially lignin lysis (ten Have & Teunissen 2001; Wesenberg et al. 2003; Martinez et al. 2005; Morel et al. 2009). Second, they are involved in signaling several developmental processes, including fruiting body maturation (Lara-Ortiz et al. 2003; Malagnac et al. 2004), spore germination (Malagnac et al. 2004; Cano-Dominguez et al. 2008; Lambou et al. 2008), mycelium growth (Leuthner et al. 2005; Semighini & Harris 2008), mutualistic symbiosis (Tanaka et al. 2006) and differentiation of appressorium and appressorium-like structures (Egan et al. 2007; Segmuller et al. 2008; Brun et al. 2009).