Original articleQuantitative changes in botulinum toxin a treatment over time in patients with essential blepharospasm and idiopathic hemifacial spasm
Section snippets
Design
An interventional case series is described.
Methods
A retrospective, longitudinal, comparative study was performed. The study was conducted in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic in a major tertiary care university-affiliated medical center. The study sample consisted of 33 patients with EBS or IHFS who were treated for the first time with BTA (Botox, Allergan, Irvine, California, USA) injections between January 1995 and December 2000, and were followed up for at least 4 years. The two groups were compared for clinical outcome.
All were under the
Results
Six of the 33 patients in the study group were excluded from the analysis: two failed to respond to BTA treatment, and four underwent facial nerve avulsion surgery. The remaining 27 patients included 14 men of mean age 75.7 ± 9.2 years and 13 women of mean age 74.0 ± 4.7 years. Seventeen patients (63%; 7 male, 10 female) had EBS and 10 (37%; 7 male, 3 female) had IHFS. We did not find a significant difference in males versus females according to diagnosis (χ2 = 2.1, P = .15). The 27 patients
Discussion
Botulinum toxin A therapy for strabismus was introduced by Scott8 in the early 1980s, and in 1989 the Food and Drug Administration approved BTA for ophthalmologic and neurologic use in treating strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm.9, 10 Since then, BTA has replaced eyelid surgery and cranial surgery as the first-line therapy for EBS and IHFS, respectively.2, 6, 11
All botulinum serotypes act on the peripheral nervous system by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mrs. Dorit Karsh, BSc, Department of Statistics, for the statistical calculations.
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Long-term use of botulinum toxin type A in children with cerebral palsy: Treatment consistency
2009, European Journal of Paediatric NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Ambulation comes along with the possibility of improving walking patterns during chemodenervation of the target muscles and may result in functional carry-over effects, which – in turn – may have caused stable treatment intervals of approximately 1 y in our study. These treatment intervals of approximately 1 y were higher than usual re-injection periods of 3–6 mo reported in other cerebral palsy42–44,49 and cervical dystonia studies.29,32,41 In the studies of Delgado,42 Gormley et al.,43 Linder et al.,44 and Metaxiotis et al.,49 however, patients did not receive multi-level treatment or treatment of muscle combinations, like in this study.
Long-term effects of botulinum toxin treatment
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