An evaluation of priorities for beach tourism: Case studies from South Wales, UK

Abstract

Seven Welsh beaches with environmental designations were assessed, using an established beach rating checklist comprising 50 physical, biological and human use factors. Weightings were subsequently established in response to priorities of three tourism markets: surfing, eco-tourism and family. Assessments showed physical factors scored significantly lower (p < 0.01) than both biological and human use factors and were seen as a specific location consequence. Physical factors dominated surfer responses; biological factors reflected conservation priorities and human use factors, especially safety, were family concerns. Common concerns related to beach litter and outfalls. However, there were some contradictions in interpretation, such as high numbers of waves in the breaker zone, being seen as positive for surfing but negative for family safety. Results showed weighting had changed overall ranking and assessment range in response to beach factors favoured by user group priorities. Analysis identified motivating factors behind the decision to visit and highlighted resource protection aspects for specific user group needs. The methodology supports development of sustainable beach management strategies, based on local characteristics and different tourism markets.

Introduction

Travel and tourism comprise the world's largest industry (WTO, 2001) and beaches are considered the major factor in this tourism market (Houston, 2002, Lencek and Bosker, 1998). To benefit from this dynamic, most Mediterranean countries have developed proactive growth policies centred on a seaside model (Benoit & Comeau, 2005). However, although incomes and job creation were increased in Rimini (Italy) and Estartit (Spain), almost 60% of locals interviewed complained of badly controlled urban growth and degradation of landscapes (Benoit & Comeau, 2005). May (2004) found that geological and geomorphological features significantly increased visitor numbers at some coastal locations and therefore, degradation could ultimately affect tourism.

Pressure on water resources, widespread development, pollution, population growth and ecosystem destruction are highlighted consequences of the tourism industry (Benoit & Comeau, 2005). Therefore, to avoid degradation of the raw material which supports the tourism industry, Phillips and Jones (2006) emphasised the importance of sustainable coastal management. Perceptions of landscape/beaches not only vary among social groups and cultures (Kant, 1928), but also with time while, landscapes themselves can be fashionable, as seen with eco-tourism. Although development often reduces beach scenic value (Ergin, Williams, & Micallef, 2006) and results in reduced amenity (Benoit & Comeau, 2005), it is necessary to provide infrastructure in support of the industry. According to Bramwell and Lane (2008), tourism–environment interrelations are vitally important and it has been widely recognised that sustainable tourism is essential for both the tourism industry and natural environment (Eagles et al., 2002, IUCN, 1994). Therefore, development should be focused to tourism markets while protecting beach landscapes. As part of this philosophy, it is important to understand what different user groups prefer when visiting a beach, so that priorities can be established. Using seven case study beaches, this paper evaluates beach tourism priorities for three beach user groups: surfers, which represent a growing area of recreational tourism; conservation interest groups, which reflect niche eco-tourism markets and; mothers, reflecting traditional family values. From derived weightings based on these priorities, beaches are ranked and assessed in line with user group preferences and beach management strategies suggested.