Assessment of PAHs occurrence and distribution in brown mussels (Perna perna Linnaeus 1758) subject to different levels of contamination in Brazil
Introduction
Increasing oil and gas industrial offshore activities in Brazil generated an augmentation in coastal ecosystem contamination by oil-derived hydrocarbons as chemical compounds contaminate water, sediments, and affect the aquatic biota.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination have been extensively studied in (aquatic) organisms (Baumard et al., 1998a, Francioni et al., 2007a, Francioni et al., 2007b, Moon et al., 2012, Woottoon et al., 2003, Yoshimine et al., 2012, Zhao et al., 2014; among others) due to their toxicity to aquatic organisms and humans (Pereira Netto et al., 2000, Phillips, 1999, Sakiara et al., 2010, Vanrooij et al., 1993, Who, 1998). Many PAHs compounds are able to interact/interfere with DNA, and are being considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic (Francioni et al., 2007a, Neff, 2002, Pereira Netto et al., 2000).
Thus, biota is one of the environmental compartments relevant for PAH-derived contamination studies. Shellfish (bivalves), and especially mussels, are considered good biomonitoring organisms for coastal aquatic ecosystem contamination since they are cosmopolitan species, sessile, and filter feeders (Coles et al., 1995, Francioni et al., 2007a, Francioni et al., 2007b, Neff, 2002, Yoshimine et al., 2012). The determination of PAHs in other compartments such as total suspended matter (TSM) and sediments is important too, and allows a full evaluation of the contamination in the study area.
The main goal of this study is to evaluate the use of brown mussel (Perna perna) as a biomonitoring species to PAHs contamination level in two coastal areas in Brazil, both subject to a distinct anthropogenic impact degree.
Section snippets
Study area
The present study was carried out in two coastal areas in Brazil: Santa Catarina Island’s South Bay, and Guanabara Bay.
Santa Catarina Island, on the south Brazilian coast, has an extension of approximately and a permanent population of ∼420,000 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010). A narrow channel separates the island and from the continent, and it is divided into two semi-enclosed water bodies, known as North- and South-Bay. The samples were collected from “Fazenda Marinha Atlântico Sul” (FMAS),
Sampling
At the aquaculture site FMAS (Santa Catarina Island, S Brazil), the mussel samples were collected in October 2014.
At BG, the mussel samples were collected in June 2015 from Engenhoca Cove, at the inner bay portion. The mussels were taken from the hull of a boat, anchored in the same place for one year by the time of the sampling.
For each site were obtained 90 individuals, that were separated into three size classes (3.8–6.3 cm—Small (S); 6.4–7.2 cm—Medium (M); 7.3–8.9 cm—Large (L)). For each
Results and discussion
The median CI for the small, medium and large size-classes at FMAS was 101.9, 101.5 and 131.5, respectively. At BG, median values were 115.0, 141.1 and 155.7, for the same size-classes. The CI values were significantly different for FMAS and BG’s mussels (). Thus, BG’s mussels have a larger mass compared to those at the FMAS aquaculture site. This could be related to the higher eutrophic level at Guanabara Bay; the higher nutrient availability favors a higher phytoplankton biomass, and
Conclusions
Mussels assimilate relatively more light-molecular-weight and alkylated compounds. This may reflect the local environmental contamination level and/or a preferential assimilation of these compounds by the organisms.
In both study areas, results did not show any significant difference in PAH accumulation relative to mussel’s size-classes. There were also no significant differences relative to the and USEPA results.
The studied mussels, with size for consumption, presented BaPeq
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. A.B. Ramos thanks FAPERJ for a master grant. And the authors are grateful and acknowledge the support of “Fazenda Marinha Atlântico Sul”, Francisco de Matos during the collection of the mussels, LARAMG laboratory for allowing freeze-drying the samples, LABMAM laboratory for the analyzed by GC-MS and Valerie Agnew for help to the translation text.
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