Mini reviewBioactive compounds from brown seaweeds: Phloroglucinol, fucoxanthin and fucoidan as promising therapeutic agents against breast cancer
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women and its incidence tends to rise year by year (Jemal et al., 2011). Several risk factors have been identified, such as age, reproductive events, hormonal replacement therapy, lifestyle, familial history of breast cancer, previous benign breast disease, ionizing radiations exposure, high mammographic breast density, geographic location, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and in other high-penetrance genes such as p53 (Dumitrescu and Cotarla, 2005, Jemal et al., 2011). Additionally, breast cancer has a large molecular heterogeneity and is histologically diverse. For that reason, accomplishing an effective therapy is difficult (Florea and Busselberg, 2013, Gottesman, 2002).
Breast cancer treatment depends on the pathological stage at the time of detection and diagnosis. The treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Maughan et al., 2010). Chemotherapy is the option for cancers in advanced stages and nowadays, several drugs are available (e.g., cisplatin, tamoxifen, paclitaxel and doxorubicin) with different mechanisms of action (Dasari and Tchounwou, 2014, Mayer and Burstein, 2007, Osborne, 1998, Perez, 1998, Silver et al., 2010, Thorn et al., 2011). Beside the development of increasingly more specific and effective drugs, genetic and epigenetic changes contributed for drug resistance which represent the main reason of chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment (Florea and Busselberg, 2013).
The medical and scientific communities are well aware of the problems associated with current therapeutics and therefore have continually sought new solutions. The search of new compounds and possible combination with conventional anticancer drugs seems to be crucial strategies to reduce mortality and improve life quality in breast cancer patients. Recent reports have been showed that the success of anticancer drugs can be increased in tumors with the combination of natural dietary compounds and that may allow lower doses of the drug administered, reducing its toxicity to normal cells (Kapadia et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2014, Saldanha and Tollefsbol, 2012, Wang et al., 2012a).
Chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic effects of several natural products has been reported, namely from plants, fruits and vegetables (Kalimuthu and Se-Kwon, 2013). In the last decades the attention has turned to the sea, mainly due to the large surface of the marine environment (about 70% of the word surface), high biodiversity (95% of the world biodiversity), and the specific conditions where some species live (e.g. salinity, pressure, temperature) (Appeltans et al., 2012, Dalmaso et al., 2015). This makes the sea a relevant source of bioactive compounds, some of them present in our food chain from many centuries ago.
Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are rich in unique bioactive compounds that are used for human consumption for a long time (mainly in Asian countries). In Traditional Chinese Medicine and Japanese Folk Medicine, seaweeds are used to “treat” tumors. Epidemiologic studies have shown that people that consume seaweed daily, mainly Asiatic women, have lower rates of breast cancer than in the western world, however the mechanisms involved remain unclear (Moussavou et al., 2014, Smit, 2004, Teas et al., 2013).
The potential protective and therapeutic effect of bioactive compounds such as phloroglucinol, fucoidan and fucoxanthin present in the brown seaweeds mainly in breast cancer will be explored in this review. In view of the latest advances and current knowledge gaps, interactions of bioactive compounds from seaweeds with conventional anticancer drugs in breast cancer will be revised and future paths will be discussed.
Section snippets
Bioactive compounds in brown seaweed
Generally, seaweeds have high concentration in polysaccharides, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins and low content in lipids as well as high content in bioactive molecules that make the seaweed a good source of healthy food (Gupta and Abu-Ghannam, 2011, Holdt and Kraan, 2011). Apart from food uses, seaweeds are also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry (Ahmed et al., 2014, Martins et al., 2014). According to their composition of pigments, seaweeds are classified
Anticancer activity of brown seaweed against breast cancer
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process characterized by several hallmarks such as sustention of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, activation of invasion and metastasis and induction of angiogenesis (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). The huge variety of molecular targets and mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis opens a wide range of opportunities for the action of the natural anticancer agents. However, undesirable side effects (toxicity in normal
Anticancer activity of phloroglucinol, fucoxanthin and fucoidan in combination with conventional drugs against breast cancer
In the last decade several reports have been showed the additive or synergistic effects of natural compounds when in combination with conventional anticancer drugs (Fujiki and Suganuma, 2012, Kapadia et al., 2013, Wu et al., 2013). The promising results in this field showed that the application of combination approaches involving chemotherapeutic agents could improve drug absorption and activate different mechanisms enhancing the clinical response. Some marine compounds are able to enhance the
Conclusion and future perspective
More effective drugs to treat breast cancer are necessary, and the development of natural therapeutics into potential anticancer agents is possible. Within the wide number and variety of bioactive compounds present in brown seaweed, phloroglucinol fucoxanthin and fucoidan are among the most abundant and with promising anticancer activity. Antioxidant activity, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell death, and suppression both of metastasis and angiogenesis are some of the
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
Ramos A. A. was supported by project MARBIOTECH, grant NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000047-BPD-2013-06. Gargiulo D. is supported by CAPES, Brazil. The work was partially funded by project MARBIOTECH (NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000047), co-financed by the North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (ON.2–O Novo Norte), under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), and through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The study was also supported by the ERDF, through the Competitiveness and
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