A direct synthesis of water soluble monodisperse cobalt and manganese ferrite nanoparticles from iron based pivalate clusters by the hot injection thermolysis method
Introduction
Ferrite nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention recently due to their wide range of applications including in drug delivery [1], [2], magnetic resonance imaging [1], [3], [4], [5], hyperthermia treatment [1], [4], [6], data storage [7], ferrofluids [8], environmental remediation [9], [10] and catalysis [11], [12]. Ferrite nanoparticles are well suited for biomedical applications because their sizes can be manipulated and also their surface can be functionalised with appropriate molecules to make them highly selective towards their targets [13], [14]. In addition, their superparamagnetic properties make it possible to control their movement under the influence of an external magnetic field.
Various synthetic and functionalisation methods have been employed for ferrite nanoparticles. The co-precipitation method is commonly used for the synthesis of magnetite and other ferrite nanoparticles because it is easy to use and scalable [9], [10], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]. However, nanoparticles obtained from this method tend to have a broad size distribution and poor crystallinity. Other non-hydrolytic methods have hence been employed to synthesise these nanoparticles including solvothermal methods and thermal decomposition of iron-based complexes [30], [31].
The biological methods have been used to synthesise water soluble ferrite nanoparticles including iron [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], cobalt [43], [44], [45], manganese [45], nickel [44], [45] and zinc [45], [46]. Although this approach could be exploited for industrial scale, the success of getting monodispersed nanoparticles depends on environmental parameters such as temperature, redox potential and pH [47]. Thermal decomposition methods have produced monodisperse crystalline nanoparticles [48], [49] but the shortcoming of this method is that the capping agents usually employed are hydrophobic and thus not dispersible in aqueous medium. This in turn has hampered its applications in producing nanoparticles for biomedical and environmental applications. Ongoing research into preparing water dispersible ferrite nanoparticles with desirable properties has appeared. Methods proposed to achieve this goal are either direct synthesis or postsynthesis by ligand exchange to obtain the desired surface modification.
Numerous postsynthesis surface modification/ligand exchange techniques have been employed including surface exchange of amine modified poly(acrylic acid) [50], glucosaminic acid [51], α-cyclodextrin [52], dimercaptosuccinic acid [53], [54], silesquioxane ligands [55], modified polyethylene glycol [56], [57], modified polymaleic anhydride [58], [59], citrate [60], hydroxamic acid [61] and tetramethylammonium 11-aminoundecanoate [62] to disperse the highly crystalline nanoparticles produced from non-hydrolytic routes in aqueous medium. A major shortcoming of post-synthesis surface modification is incomplete replacements of ligand that reduces stability in aqueous solution; also often the ligand exchange procedures are often tedious, requiring prolonged reaction times and excess of the new ligand to disrupt the established surface coat and as such may require further purification after ligand exchange. Consequently, the direct synthesis of highly-crystalline ferrite nanoparticles that can be dispersed in water is a preferable alternative.
The solvothermal method has been used to produce a hydrophilic magnetite and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using polyethylene glycol as surfactant [63]. Using the same method, Guan et al produced amine functionalised magnetite nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution which can be dispersed in aqueous media [64]. Single-crystal hollow spheres of magnetite of average diameter 200–300 nm were synthesised by Zhu and co-workers using ethylenediamine as surfactant in the presence of ethylene glycol by the solvothermal route [65]. Ferrite colloidal spheres of high saturation magnetisation and dispersibility in water have been synthesised by hydrothermal treatments of chloride salts, urea and polyacryl-amide (PAM) as stabilisers [66].
The thermal decomposition method has been further developed to produce water dispersible ferrite nanoparticles by using strong polar capping agents. Li et al. synthesised magnetite nanoparticles via the thermal decomposition of iron(III) acetylacetonates ([Fe(acac)3]) in the presence of 2-pyrrolidone as the capping agents and obtained a 5 nm diameter nanoparticles which were further used as seeds to grow larger particles [67]. Similarly, Li et al. produced magnetite nanoparticles using the same precursor and capping agent and in addition to that carboxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) were used to coat the nanoparticles [68], [69], [70]. This same group further developed their method by using the same precursor but with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) to achieve PVP coated magnetite nanoparticles [71].
Glycol and its derivatives have been used as capping agents for the direct synthesis of water soluble ferrite nanoparticles. Yang et al. used tetraethylene glycol as a stabiliser to produce water soluble manganese ferrite nanoparticles by the thermal decomposition of [Mn(acac)3] and [Fe(acac)3] [72]. Caruntu and his team employed the hydrothermal method to synthesise magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of diethylene glycol and N-methyl ethanolamine as surfactants [73]. Using iron pentacarbonyl as the precursor, magnetite nanoparticles have been produced with 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) as the surfactant [74]. The 4-MC coated magnetite nanoparticles were then further functionalised with a peptide, making the particles stable in a physiological environment.
To date, little or no work has been reported on the use of single source precursors to synthesise water soluble ternary ferrite nanoparticles. In this paper, we explore the use of pivalate clusters as single source precursors for the direct synthesis of water soluble ferrite nanoparticles by a hot injection thermolysis method.
Section snippets
Experimental
All preparations were performed under an inert atmosphere of dry nitrogen using the standard Schlenk techniques. All reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Solvents were distilled prior to use.
Results and discussion
The p-XRD patterns of the nanoparticles obtained from both precursors are broad indicating the nanocrystallinity of the material. The nanoparticles produced from [Fe2CoO(O2CtBu)6(HO2CtBu)3] (1) at both PVP concentrations correspond to cubic phase of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) (ICDD Card no.: 04-005-7078) (Fig. 1(a)).The Scherrer equation was used to estimate the crystallite size of the nanoparticles which were found to be 6.5 nm and 4.5 nm for cobalt ferrite from 0.25 and 0.50 g PVP, respectively.
Conclusion
Water-dispersible monodisperse cobalt and manganese ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesised by hot injection thermolysis of heterometallic pivalate clusters. Good size distributions were obtained in all cases without any postsynthesis size selective precipitation. Our investigation revealed that smaller nanoparticles were produced using a higher quantity of PVP. All the nanoparticles produced were pure single phase as evident in their p-XRD, SAED and HRTEM images. The nanoparticles
Acknowledgement
K.O. Abdulwahab would like to appreciate the financial support from the Islamic Development Bank, Saudi Arabia.
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