Coal mine safety system for mining workers using LORA and WUSN

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.037Get rights and content

Abstract

Generally, people working in mining areas, face many risk factors. In order to safe guard the people working inside the mine its environmental parameters should be monitored.

The hardware consists of electronic circuitry where a microcontroller is the principal processing unit. A graphical user interface is also implemented. A number of qualification tests are carried out. The already existing system uses a single monitoring system, but the proposed system can analyse different parameters like temperature , humidity and gas. Natural calamities like landslides occur due to soil erosion and heavy rainfall. This kind of natural disaster can be monitored using MEMS Sensor and Vibration Sensor. The temperature, humidity, gas sensor measurements have an accuracy of 89.01%, 98.55%, 90.5% and a resolution of 0.12% RH and 0.05 m/s. Since the consequences of mining cannot be avoided, its effect can be predicted to ensure the safety of coal mine workers. The monitored parameters can be communicated from underground to the surface using WUSN and LORA technology.

Introduction

Communication plays an important role in surveillance and safety for any industries. Generally, communication system is nothing but a transmitting and receiving of information from one end to other ends. It can be wire, wireless and both types. Structure and environment behaviour of underground mines is not easy to other industries. Therefore, Infrastructure of communication system are very complex and critical in underground mines. Climate checking and legitimate correspondence had been a critical assignment to guarantee safe working conditions and increment profitability in underground mines. The gassy underground air is conceivably dangerous that may run over different factors because of which fire or blast may happen [1].

Current correspondence and observing frameworks in underground mines are link based or discrete in nature. Link based correspondence and observing has constraints like that

• Susceptible to disappointment during a link breakage at the hour of calamity.

• Possibility of sparkles or blazes due to any off-base plan.

• Communication just from highlight point is accessible, can't be set up from anyplace in an underground mine, failure to speak with steady men.

• With the working surface extended, a visually impaired zone for observing shows up, and afterward the new establishment and upkeep is required.

Along these lines, improvement of financially savvy, dependable, support free, constant checking and wellbeing arrangement of underground diggers' is a consuming need today. There is a need to build up a remote organization framework to rapidly distinguish the climate conditions and precisely give area references to empty specialists from the risky zone. The underground coal mineshafts have some characteristic difficulties in remote correspondence and some of them are the EMI, multipath blurring, signal weakening exceptionally in turning or corner.

However, the vast majority of the investigates in remote observing frameworks have zeroed in on the plan of equipment and programming in the sensor units and remote correspondence capacity of radio modules, these kinds of work face additionally testing conditions, where the framework is required to neutralize bigger structure varieties perhaps brought about by breakdowns or blasts. Remote checking framework is likewise expected to be more adaptable and simple to be conveyed and eliminated, as the advancement of coal mineshaft burrowing requires continuous development of the framework. Albeit numerous conventions and calculations have been proposed for customary remote specially appointed organizations, they are not appropriate for the exceptional highlights and application necessities of underground sensor organizations. The genuine test isn't just to locate a decent geography for remote gadgets, however a mix of strategies that can be effective for area in coal mineshaft displays.

The information for the area of laborers and the versatile hardware are needed to be taken from each part of mine hall and will defeat the host PC found ideally on a superficial level. This paper presents a far reaching study of number of advancements proposed so far for use of appropriate remote correspondence, climate observing in conceivably uninvolved underground mines. The target of the review is to give attention to the scientists about the new turns of events and to contribute information towards more productive and solid exploration needs in this interdisciplinary territory.

As a rule, a module of sensors are utilized for observing underground boundaries according to the necessity and mechanizing arrangement of estimating information through computerized remote correspondence framework. Remote sensor organization (WSN) innovation is extended comprising of spatially disseminated self-sufficient sensors to screen physical or natural conditions and to go their information through the organization. The wired based WSN works are introduced in area 2 of this paper. Robotized frameworks have less manual tasks, greater adaptability, unwavering quality and exactness. This might be acknowledged by utilizing Zigbee remote innovation guided by IEEE 802.15.4 norm. It is essentially intended for the wide reach controlling applications and to supplant the current non-standard advancements and a portion of its utilization in mines are described in the section 3.

Section snippets

Wired based WSN system

A wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of hundreds or thousands of minimal effort hubs which could either have a fixed area or arbitrarily sent to screen the climate. It is framed by hundreds or thousands of bits that speak with one another and pass information along starting with one then onto the next [2].

Numerous scientists have proposed the use of remote sensor network in underground mining, as they are more inclined to mishaps because of rock shortcomings and the presence of toxious

Product description

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board dependent on the ATmega328P. It has 14 advanced information/yield pins (of which 6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 simple data sources, a 16 MHz quartz gem, a USB association, a force jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains all that expected to help the microcontroller; basically associate it to a PC with a USB link or force it with an AC-to-DC connector. Arduino Uno has various offices for speaking with a PC, another Arduino board, or other

Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices Fig. 3. The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several vendors, using various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communication

Product description

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board dependent on the ATmega328P. It has 14 computerized input/yield pins (of which 6 can be utilized as PWM yields), 6 simple information sources, a 16 MHz quartz precious stone, a USB association, a force jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains all that expected to help the microcontroller; just interface it to a PC with a USB link or force it with an AC-to-DC connector. Arduino Uno has various offices for speaking with a PC, another Arduino

Applications

  • Real time biometrics

  • Robotic applications

  • Academic applications

Temperature sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

General description

In current innovation situation[13], checking of gases delivered is significant. From home machines, for example, forced air systems to electric fireplaces and security frameworks at enterprises checking of gases is exceptionally vital. Gas sensors unexpectedly respond to the gas present, accordingly keeping the framework refreshed about any changes that happen in the grouping of atoms at vaporous state. The gas sensor module comprises of a steel exoskeleton under which a detecting component is

Product description

Acceleration is a measure of how quickly speed changes. Just as a speedometer is a meter that measures speed, an accelerometer is a meter that measures acceleration. You can use an accelerometer's ability to sense acceleration to measure a variety of things that are very useful to electronic and robotic projects and designs:

  • Acceleration

  • Tilt and tilt angle

  • Incline

General description

Wsn is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used for wireless networking. It is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks. Wsn (CC2500) is a low cost true single chip 2.4 GHz transceiver designed for very low power wireless applications. The RF transceiver is integrated with a highly configurable baseband modem.

General description

Voice Recorder module is a type of module built in recording and audio playback. It allows you to record sound from a microphone, the line-in jack, or music played by another player in WMA or WAV formats. They are small handheld devices used primarily for recording voice memos, dictation, lectures, or conferences for later playback.

Discussion & future trends

Mine improvement and emergency response act (2006) in U.S. mines helped in undergoing rapid changes in the area of communication, tracking. Most of the researches proposed their work are hybrid of wired and wireless technologies. Low frequency(LF), medium frequency (MF), High frequency (HF) range signal transmission both independently and with parasitic coupling tried earlier, are least suitable for underground application for their limited information sharing and communication distance

Conclusion

The recent developments in the need base monitoring and communication of underground mines’ environment in a comprehensive manner is presented in this paper. Protection and safety of personnel and assets in mines are vital tasks today to maintain mining operation. An integrated system is required to provide all-round instrumentation to track the location, to monitor environment, air quality, ventilation system, roof/wall stability, seismic activity, water flow as well as machine condition

CRediT authorship contribution statement

S.U. Suganthi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing - review & editing. G. valarmathi: Data curation, Writing - original draft. V. Subashin i: Supervision. R. Janaki: Visualization, Investigation. K. Sivashankari: .

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References (13)

  • S. Molina et al.

    Detection of Gases and Collapses in Underground Mines using WSN

    Int. Conf. Industr. Technol.

    (2011)
  • H. Jiang et al.

    Energy efficient sensor placement for tunnel wireless sensor network in underground mine

    Second Int Conf. Power Electro Intell. Trans Syst.

    (2009)
  • United States Dept of Lab Mine Safety and Health Admin, 2006, Available:...
  • P. Chen et al.

    Area wireless sensor networks for personnel location under coalmine

    Second Conf. Indus Electro Appl.

    (2007)
  • W. Grote

    Wireless SISO channel propagation model for underground mines

    Workshop Auto in Mining Min Metal Indust.

    (2009)
  • M. Ndoh et al.

    Geo-location in underground mines using wireless sensor networks

    Antennas Prop. Society Int. Sympos.

    (2005)
There are more references available in the full text version of this article.
View full text