A study of chitosan and glucosamine isolated from Sri Lankan local mushroom Schizophyllum commune and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

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Abstract

Properties of chitosan extracted from local mushroom Schizophyllum commune and Pleurotus ostreatus were compared. Percentage yield, solubility, moisture-content, ash-content, N-content, water-binding-capacity were 1.73 ± 0.05%/1.22 ± 0.01%, 7.38 ± 0.10%/3.41 ± 0.14%, 6.39 ± 0.20%/8.16 ± 0.42%, 8.19 ± 0.04%/1.63 ± 0.05%, 11.31%/3.02%, 387.13 ± 15.57%/402.57 ± 12.78% respectively for chitosan samples from S. commune followed by P. ostreatus. FBC were varied approximately 250–350% in coconut oil, soy bean oil and sunflower oil. DD% of chitosan using FT-IR and conductometric titration were 53.10% and 60.68% respectively for two species. The yield and purity of glucosamine sample 95.70% and 0.97 ± 0.08% and 58.14% and 0.52 ± 0.04% for Schizophyllum commune and Pleurotus ostreatus were respectively.

Introduction

Chitosan is an amino polysaccharide, composed of β-1-4-D-glucosamine linked to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, synthesized from de-acetylation of chitin. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide and naturally occurring substances on the earth and it is structurally similar to the cellulose. Chitin occurs in nature as ordered crystalline micro-fibrils forming structural components in the exoskeleton of arthropods or in the cell walls of fungi and yeast [1]. Glucosamine is the building unit of biopolymer chitosan. Glucosamine monomers are connected together by 1-4 β glycosidic bonds in both chitin and chitosan. Glucosamine is a type of amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids [2].

Mushroom is a macro fungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which can be either epigeous or hypogeous and large enough to seen with naked eye and to be picked by hand [3] Mushroom cultivation is environmental friendly and can use waste materials to generate mushrooms, such as paddy straw, cotton waste; tree saw dust, sugar cane bagasse, wild grasses and lingo cellulosic waste [4].

Chitosan has received considerable attention in recent years in the literature as a renewable resource for their extensive applications in different field. In particular the development of chitosan derivatives as useful polymeric material is an expanding field in the science. Chitosan have wide range of applications due to its antibacterial, non-toxicity and hypoallergenic properties. It is used in biomedical industries, agriculture, genetic engineering, food industry, environmental pollution control, water treatment, paper manufacture, and photography etc. [5], [6], [7].

Glucosamine is a substance produced naturally in the body from an amino acid (glutamine), and a sugar (glucose). Recently glucosamine is widely applicable in different field including pharmaceuticals which is applicable in different way in food industry as nutritional supplement, food and beverage, and dairy products and in pet food industry. Glucosamine is widely used in biomedical science to relieve osteoarthritis symptoms. And it can also be used to treat cardiovascular disease, Neurological deficits, and Skin disorders due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Glucosamine can survive cell by controlling production of inflammatory cytokine. Glucosamine is natural constituent of some glycosaminoglycans and in the proteoglycans found in cartilage, intervertebral disc and synovial fluid. Glucosamine is used as glucosamine chloride and glucosamine sulfate by osteoarthritis patients and it act as chrondro protector to relieving joint pain, swelling and stiffness caused by arthritis.

Chitosan is prepared by hydrolysis of acetamide (single bondNHsingle bondCOsingle bondCH3) groups of chitin. This is reported to be normally conducted by severe alkaline hydrolysis treatment due to the resistant of such groups imposed by the trans-arrangement of the C2-C3 substituents of the sugar ring [8] In this study used method is modified method rather than conventional method and it is accurate, simple and cheap method.

Synthesization and characterization of chitosan and glucosamine derived from mushrooms have already been studies in world using Pleurotus ostreatus. But Less number of research have been done using Schizophyllum commune mushrooms. This study aims to determine the most suitable mushroom type, which can be used to isolate and extract high quality chitosan and glucosamine, out of mushrooms namely Pleurotus ostreatus and Schizophyllum commune.

Section snippets

Materials and method

S. commune and P. ostreatus were collected from Deniyaya Pallegama and Beliata, Sri Lanka. All the mushrooms were washed with running tap water to remove impurities and soluble organics. They were chopped in to small pieces and sun dried for nearly two days until completely drying. To obtain a uniform size fine particles, dried products were ground using a centrifugal grinding mill and grounded particles were sieved using 500 µm sieve. Sieved mushrooms particles were placed in to a beaker and

Results and discussion

The highest percentage of yield of chitosan and glucosamine were obtained from Schizophyllum commune with the value of 1.73%, 0.97% and the lowest yield were obtained from Pleurotus ostreatus with the value of 1.22%, 0.52% (Table 1).

A high quality grade chitosan should have less than 1% of ash (Fig. 1). Some residual ash of chitosan may affect their solubility consequently contributing to lower viscosity and can affect the quality of final product such as N-content. Lower solubility values

Conclusion

Mushroom industry is one of the profitable small scale industry in Sri Lanka without consuming high energy and cost. Mushroom products have high demand as dietary supplement and medicinal drug. Pharmaceutical industry needs to refine different types of chitosan and glucosamine to meet the required standards. The quality and the physico-chemical properties of chitosan and glucosamine vary widely with mushroom species and method of preparation. According to the present study Pleurotus ostreatus

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