Utilization of mango peels as a source of pectin and polyphenolics
Introduction
With a global production exceeding 26 million tons in 2004 (FAOSTAT, 2005), mangoes (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) are one of the most important tropical fruits. Besides the fresh fruit, processed mango products such as juices, nectars, concentrates, jams, jelly powders, fruit bars, flakes and dried fruits have become increasingly popular in Europe (Loeillet, 1994, Mahayothee, 2005, Pott et al., 2005, Singh et al., 2000, Vásquez-Caicedo et al., 2004). The export of mango pulp as a raw material for these products was estimated to be about 62% of total exports of fruits and vegetables in India, the world's largest mango producer (Sreenath, Krishna, & Santhanam, 1995). The edible pulp makes up 33–85% of the fresh fruit, while the peel and the kernel amount to 7–24% and 9–40%, respectively (Wu, Chen, & Fang, 1993). According to Larrauri, Rupérez, Borroto, and Saura-Calixto (1996), byproducts of industrial mango processing may amount to 35–60% of the total fruit weight.
Because these byproducts represent a serious disposal problem, ways for a sustainable agricultural production have been searched. While the utilization of the mango kernels as a source of fat, natural antioxidants, starch, flour and feed, respectively, has extensively been investigated (Arogba, 2002, Kaur et al., 2004, Moharram & Moustafa, 1982, Puravankara et al., 2000, Ravindran & Sivakanesan, 1996), studies on peels are scarce. Their use for the production of biogas (Madhukara et al., 1993, Mahadevaswamy & Venkataraman, 1990) or dietary fiber with a high antioxidant activity (Larrauri et al., 1996, Larrauri et al., 1996, Larrauri et al., 1997) has been described in the past.
Most studies on the exploitation of mango peels have been dealing with their use as a source of pectin, which is considered a high quality dietary fiber (Beerh et al., 1976, Pedroza-Islas & Aguilar-Esperanza, 1994, Srirangarajan & Shrikhande, 1976, Tandon & Garg, 1999, Tandon et al., 1991). A screening of 14 mango cultivars recently carried out in our laboratory has demonstrated the content and the degree of esterification of mango peel pectins to range from 12% to 21% and from 56% to 66%, respectively (Berardini et al., 2005). Furthermore, mango peels have been shown to be a rich source of flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides (Berardini et al., 2005, Schieber et al., 2003), gallotannins and benzophenone derivatives (Berardini, Carle, & Schieber, 2004).
In continuation of our studies on the recovery of valuable compounds from byproducts of fruit and vegetable processing (Kammerer et al., 2005, Kammerer et al., 2005, Schieber et al., 2003, Stoll et al., 2003), two processes for the combined recovery of pectin and polyphenolics from mango peels using adsorption technology were developed in the present study. The processes were evaluated by characterization and quantification of the pectins and phenolic compounds in the peels and in the polyphenol-enriched eluates. Furthermore, the eluates were screened for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH, TEAC and FRAP assays, since various health-promoting effects of phenolic compounds have mainly been ascribed to their antioxidant activity. The chemistry behind the most common antioxidant activity assays has recently been reviewed in detail (Huang, Ou, & Prior, 2005). After mango processing the peels have to be dried immediately because they are prone to rapid enzymatic pectin degradation and microbial spoilage. Therefore, the effects of different time–temperature regimes applied during drying on the stability of phenolic compounds of the peels were also investigated.
Section snippets
Chemicals and solvents
Reference compounds used for identification and quantification purposes with HPLC and HPLC-MS were as follows: ellagic acid (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany); quercetin 3-O-xyloside, quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (Plantech, Reading, UK); quercetin, quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-arabinoglucoside (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany); mangiferin [2-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone], quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O
Results and discussion
A screening of 14 mango cultivars recently carried out had demonstrated the peels to be a rich source of flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides. In this context, the cultivar ‘Tommy Atkins’ was most promising because its peels showed the highest contents of polyphenolics and also contained high quality pectin (Berardini et al., 2005). Consequently, in the present study ´Tommy Atkins´ peels were used for the recovery of valuable compounds.
Contents of polyphenolic compounds in mango peels dried at
Conclusions
Both processes presented in this paper are highly suitable for the combined recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds from industrial mango peel waste and may be integrated in the industrial pectin production. Because a high percentage of the phenolic compounds was degraded during the extraction of the peels, more investigations into the optimization of the extraction parameters are highly desirable to improve the yield of polyphenols. Further investigations need to be directed at the
Acknowledgements
Financial support by fruit – International Fruit Foundation, Heidelberg-Schlierbach, Germany, is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Mr Klaus Mix for his assistance in pilot-plant experiments. The authors also wish to thank Mrs Ana Lucía Vásquez-Caicedo and Mrs Susanne Schilling for providing mango peels.
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