Job demands, control and support: Meta-analyzing moderator effects of gender, nationality, and occupation
Section snippets
Meta-analytic research of the JDC(S) model
Despite its enduring contribution to work stress research, attention has only recently turned to cumulative (e.g., meta-analytic) research of the model. This is an important transition because accumulating and aggregating JDC(S) studies can advance the theory by contributing information about the magnitude and stability of the propositions as well as the limitations of the theory. Given the aforementioned hypotheses of the model, meta-analytic investigation of the buffer hypothesis would be
Job demands, control, and support
Job demands constitute physical, social, or organizational aspects of the job that require physical or mental effort. These include work pacing/time pressure, exacting task requirements, and overall workload demands (De Jonge & Dormann, 2006). Most employees seek homeostasis with their work environment in order to facilitate manageable work (Griffin & Clarke, 2011). Thus, a central tenet of the JDC(S) model is that moderate demands maximizes employee well-being through optimal levels of
Method
We used Hunter and Schmidt's (2004) method of meta-analysis. This involved estimating true population correlations among variables by taking the weighted average of correlations from published and unpublished primary studies between the demand, control, and where applicable, support dimensions of the model, and job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. True population correlations were estimated by applying weights that account for sampling and measurement error in both the predictor and the
Results
Table 1, Table 2, Table 6, Table 8 include the number of correlations (k), total sample size (N), sample weighted (i.e., “bare bones” meta-analysis; Hunter & Schmidt, 2004) average correlation (), sample weighted average correlation corrected for unreliability (), the 80% credibility interval around the corrected average correlation, and the 95% confidence interval around the average, uncorrected correlation, for the primary analysis, and moderator analyses of gender, nationality, and
Discussion
The JDC(S) model is prominent within the human resources field given its importance to issues of work stress, organizational behavior, and job design. Examinations of the JDC(S) model span three continents and 15 countries, with over forty different occupations represented across 300 + studies throughout the last 37 years. Following an initial review of research (Luchman & González-Morales, 2013), we examined gender, nationality, and occupation as moderators of DCS interrelationships, given
Conclusion
The JDC(S) model has been a mainstay of work stress and organizational literature for over 35 years. It is one of the most researched models in work stress history, and has a presence which spans the scholarly globe, not only in organizational research, but research in areas of physiology and medicine. Despite its ongoing popularity, the model has repeatedly received criticism for its simplicity, openness to multiple operationalizations of its dimensions, subjective measurement of supposedly
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A list of the studies meta-analyzed is available upon request.