Core-shell type multiarm star poly(ε-caprolactone) with high molecular weight hyperbranched polyethylenimine as core: Synthesis, characterization and encapsulation properties
Introduction
Multiarm star polymers have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unusual bulk and solution properties [1], [2]. Two major strategies have been employed for their preparation: (i) the core-first approach consisting of living polymerization on the basis of a multifunctional initiator-core; (ii) the arm-first approach, which consists of the quenching of living polymers with a multifunctional coupling agent or linking reactions of living polymers with a small amount of bifunctional vinyl compounds. Among these two strategies, polymerization with a multifunctional initiator and quenching of living polymers with a multifunctional coupling agent lead to star polymers with predetermined numbers of arms, however, linking reactions of living polymers with a small amount of bifunctional vinyl compounds afford star polymers with a random distribution of arms per polymer.
Dendrimers [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], hyperbranched polymers [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] and cyclodextrins [16], [17], [18] are attractive compounds as macroinitiators for the preparation of multiarm star polymers using the core-first strategy. Cyclodextrins are similar to dendrimers, having well-defined structure and exact functionality. However, cyclodextrin species are scarce, limited to α, β, γ-cyclodextrin with 18, 21 and 24 hydroxyl groups, respectively. In addition, though dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers with functionalities more than 100 are available; the number of multiarm star polymers obtained by the core-first strategy involving such multifunctional materials is very limited [14]. Yet, the star polymers with arm numbers more than 100 are usually prepared through the arm-first strategy [19], [20], [21].
Until now, a limited number of hyperbranched polyols have been employed as core for the syntheses of multiarm star poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), such as hyperbranched polyglycerol [15], hyperbranched poly(3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl oxetane) [22] and hyperbranched polyester polyols [14]. The respective polarity of the hyperbranched core and the PCL arm is similar, thus, the obtained star polymers do not exhibit the expected core-shell structures required for the encapsulation of guest molecules. Unfortunately, the hyperbranched polymer backbones were only used as support for the PCL arms and no further applications derived from their presence was discovered. Furthermore, the PCL arm numbers of all the obtained star polymers are less than 100 due to the limited functionality number of the employed hyperbranched polyols.
Commercially available hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) is a well-known functional polymer and its application fields are very wide. For example, PEI has been used for a long time not only for various industrial purposes, e.g., as flocculating agents, thickeners and dispersion stabilizers, but also in biomedicine application, such as gene transfer processes [23], [24], [25]. Furthermore, PEIs modified with aliphatic chain through amide or ketone linkage have been addressed as unimolecular inverted micelles for efficient anionic dye encapsulation due to their compact core-shell structures [26], [27], [28], [29]. Recently, PEI with Mn = 1800 (PEI1.8K) was reported to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of CL with almost ca. 100% initiating efficiency, resulting in average 30 arm star polymers with PEI as core and PCL as arms [10]. The obtained multiarm star polymers could encapsulate water soluble dye; however, the encapsulation efficiency was very low. Subsequently PEI with Mn = 10,000 (PEI10K) was addressed by Adeli et al. as macroinitiator for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide, resulting in multiarm star polymers with PEI as core and polylactide as arms [30], however, according to their data the initiating efficiency was only found to be of 40%, implying that the arm numbers of the obtained star polymers were only around 70. It has been known that the higher the generation of dendrimer is, the more crowed the terminal groups on the periphery of dendrimer are [31], [32], which is also the case for their imperfect hyperbranched analogues [33]. Thus, the lower initiation efficiency of PEI10K for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide may be attributed to the steric hindrance of the crowded terminal primary and secondary amines of PEI10K.
Herein, we report the ring-opening polymerization of CL initiated by high molecular weight PEIs, leading to core-shell type star block copolymers polyethylenimine-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEI-b-PCL) with an average arm number in the range of 155–276. The resultant polymers can efficiently encapsulate hydrophilic guest molecules. Since the commercially available PEIs have been widely used in gene transfer processes [23], [24], [25], and PCL is also a well-known biocompatible polymers, the obtained amphiphilic multiarm star copolymers are promising composites with respect to biomedical applications.
Section snippets
Materials
Hyperbranched polyethylenimines, PEI1.8K (Polysciences, Mn = 1800 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.04), PEI10K (Aldrich, Mn = 104 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 2.5) and PEI25K (Hyperpolymers GmbH, Mn = 2.5 × 104 g/mol, Mw/Mn = 2.5) were dried under vacuum prior to use. ε-Caprolactone (CL, 99%, Acros) was distilled from CaH2 under reduced pressure. Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2, 97%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar and used directly. methyl orange (MO, >85%) was purchased from Acros and used directly. Congon Red (CR) was purchased from
Syntheses of multiarm star polymers
Commercially available PEIs with Mn = 104 and 2.5 × 104 g/mol, namely PEI10K and PEI25K, are hyperbranched polymers resulted from the cationic ring-opening polymerization of aziridine, which contains primary, secondary and tertiary amine functional groups. In this paper, we employed PEI10K and PEI25K as macroinitiators to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of CL and the low molecular weight PEI1.8K (Mn = 1800 g/mol) was also used for comparison purpose. Firstly, all the PEIs were characterized by
Conclusion
High molecular weigh PEIs, PEI10K and PEI25K have been successfully employed as macroinitiators for the Sn(Oct)2 catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of CL, which results in core-shell type multiarm star polymers with average 155–276 PCL arms. The initiation efficiency deceases with the increase of the molecular weight of PEI. Compared with the 100% initiation efficiency of the low molecular weight PEI1.8K, that of PEI10K is slightly less and in the range of 91–95% when the feed ratio of
Acknowledgements
Dr. Yu Chen gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20704030), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (New Teacher 20070056046) and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (China).
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