A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention on Hellenic nursing staff's knowledge and attitudes on cancer pain management

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Summary

The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to explore the effectiveness of an educational intervention on nurses’ attitudes and knowledge regarding pain management and to explore associations with nurses’ characteristics.

A four Solomon group experimental design was employed to assess the effect of the intervention and potential effects of pre-intervention testing. One hundred and twelve nurses were randomized to two intervention and two control groups. The intervention was based on viewing a series of educational videotapes and case scenarios. The Validated Hellenic version of the Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (GV-NKASRP) was used.

Pre-intervention scores revealed various limitations in regard to pain assessment and management. At the pre-test, the average number of correct answers was 17.58±7.58 (45.1%±19.3% of total questions). Pre-intervention scores differed significantly among participants with different educational backgrounds (P<0.0001). A significant effect of pain education on total knowledge scores as well as regarding specific questions was detected. Intervention group participants provided 6.11±5.55 additional correct answers (15.66%±14.23% improvement, P<0.0001), and they exhibited significantly improved post-test scores compared to controls (26.49±5.24 vs. 18.75±4.48; P<0.0001). A potential negative effect of pre-test on knowledge gain for specific items and for total scores was detected. These findings suggest low pre-test knowledge scores among Hellenic oncology nurses and a significant effect of the intervention.

Zusammenfassung

Das Ziel dieser randomisierten kontrollierten Studie bestand darin, die Wirksamkeit einer Schulungsmaßnahme auf die Arbeitsauffassungen und die schmerzmedizinischen Fachkenntnisse von Krankenpflegekräften zu ermitteln und mögliche Assoziationen mit den Eigenschaften der Pflegekräfte zu untersuchen.

Mit einem Solomon-4-Gruppen-Design wurden die Wirkung der Schulungsmaßnahme (Intervention) sowie mögliche Effekte von präinterventionellen Tests untersucht. Insgesamt 112 Pflegekräfte wurden durch Randomisierung auf zwei Interventions- und zwei Kontrollgruppen verteilt. Die Intervention bestand darin, dass sich die Probanden eine Reihe von Schulungs-Videofilmen und Fallszenarien ansahen. Für die Untersuchung wurde die validierte griechische Version des Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (GV-NKASRP) verwendet. Die präinterventionellen Scores zeigten diverse Mängel im Hinblick auf die Einschätzung und das Management von Schmerzen. Im Vortest betrug die durchschnittliche Zahl korrekter Antworten 17,58±7,58 (45,1%±19,3% aller Fragen). Bei Teilnehmern mit unterschiedlichem Ausbildungsniveau fielen auch die präinterventionellen Scores unterschiedlich aus (p<0,0001). Schmerzschulungen hatten einen signifikanten Effekt auf die Gesamt-Kenntnis-Scores und im Hinblick auf spezifische Fragen. Bei den Probanden der Interventionsgruppen wurden 6,11±5,55 zusätzliche korrekte Antworten (15,66%±14,23% Besserung, p<0,001) sowie signifikant bessere Nachtest-Scores im Vergleich zu Kontrollprobanden registriert (26,49±5,24 versus 18,75±4,48; p<0,0001). Ein möglicher negativer Effekt von Vortests auf den Wissenszuwachs im Hinblick auf bestimmte Items und auf die Gesamt-Scores wurde nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass griechische onkologische Pflegekräfte niedrige Vortest-Kenntnis-Scores aufweisen und dass die Intervention eine signifikante Wirkung hat.

Introduction

Despite the severity and prevalence of cancer pain and its often debilitating consequences with various physiological and psychological correlates (Kuuppelomaki and Lauri, 1998; Miaskowski and Lee, 1999), pain remains poorly assessed and treated (de Wit et al., 1999; Lynn et al., 1997; Wells, 2000; Zhukovsky et al., 1995). A paucity of nursing knowledge regarding management of pain in oncology and other patient populations has been documented (McCaffery and Ferrell, 1992, McCaffery and Ferrell, 1995, McCaffery and Ferrell, 1997; Patiraki-Kourbani and Lemonidou, 2002; Romyn, 1992; Warden et al., 1998), presumably owing to deficits in nursing education, and barriers sustained by cultural attitudes, misconceptions about pain and limitations in nurse–patient interactions (Redmond, 1998). Additionally, even post-registration educational interventions appear to have limited effects in bringing about changes in the knowledge gained and caring behaviors (Francke et al., 1996; Twycross, 2002). Results of education studies are not clear-cut nor can they support, in some instances, that they improve nurses’ knowledge and attitudes. Problematic methodologies with lack of control groups, randomization, and pre- and post-measurements may in part account for this confusion.

Research evidence indicates that cancer pain among oncology patients in Hellas may remain significantly under-treated (Patiraki-Kourbani et al., 1998). Nonetheless, no specifically targeted continuing education efforts for Hellenic nurses have been implemented so far. The current study employs a randomized controlled design to explore the effectiveness of an educational intervention on nurses’ attitudes and knowledge regarding pain management, and to report baseline and immediate post-intervention findings, as well as to explore associations with nurses’ characteristics.

Section snippets

Review of the literature

Research results on the improvement of cancer pain management are challenging to compare and derive an approach from because of; diverse educational interventions, participants, study instruments, and measurement intervals. Some outcomes have focused on knowledge and attitudes (Ferrell et al., 1993; Hauck, 1986; Myers, 1985; Stratton, 1999) while others have demonstrated practice changes such as the administration of analgesics (de Rond et al., 2000a), documentation of pain behaviors (Howell et

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Variable values were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). The numbers of correct and incorrect answers for each GV-NKASRP item for each study group were quantified in percentages. A nominal significance level α=0.05 was used and Bonferroni adjustment was employed in case of multiple comparisons. Cumulative GV-NKASRP scores were calculated by the number of correct

Participant characteristics

Of the total 169 nurses eligible for this educational intervention, 57 declined participation due to time limitations (acceptance rate: 66.27%, n=112). Demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Regardless of educational background, all participants in this study functioned as registered nurses, which is often the case in Hellenic hospitals due to a sizable nurse shortage. No significant differences were noted between the intervention and control groups in regard to these background

Discussion

We explored the acquisition of knowledge regarding cancer pain management by Hellenic cancer nurses after a day-long workshop that included videotape viewing and case scenario discussion groups. The most important findings of this experimental four Solomon group study were (a) the relatively low pre-test knowledge scores; (b) the significant improvement in knowledge after the educational intervention, albeit the persistence of some common misconceptions even immediately post-intervention; and

Limitations and problems encountered

One problem encountered in this study was the moderate response rate, mainly attributed to the nursing workload and presumably to low motivation for continuing education. Participant randomization in four Solomon groups reduced power for individual comparisons; however, it was instrumental in highlighting the effect of the testing procedure itself on knowledge gain. Since the aim of this study was to train and test nursing personnel of a specific institution, in order to engage in long-term

Conclusion and implications

We reported baseline and immediate post-intervention results of nurses’ knowledge and attitudes from a randomized controlled trial testing an educational intervention for cancer pain management and assessment. This study differed from previous ones in the field because: (a) for the first time, a sample of Hellenic Oncology nurses were tested and trained, (b) a pure experimental design with randomization in intervention and control groups was employed, (c) a Solomon four-group design was

Acknowledgements

This study was made possible by a research grant from EONS (EONS 2003). We are also indebted to the nurses who participated in the study, and to Mrs. Vasiliki Marmara, Director of Nursing Services of St. Savas Cancer Hospital who facilitated this study.

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