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Miscellanea
Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
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Blepharospasm (BEB) is characterised by bilateral, and usually symmetrical and synchronous, contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscles, often with involvement of the frontalis and corrugator muscles. There may be associated dystonia of the lower face and jaw and of the neck muscles. In most cases no cause is found although BEB may be associated with lesions of the basal ganglia, brainstem, or thalamus. It is more common …