Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa
Chapter 29 - Syzygium aromaticum
Abstract
Syzygium aromaticum is a tree in the family Myrtaceae, native to Indonesia with the aromatic flower buds known as cloves, and commonly used as a spice. The plant is commercially harvested in Indonesia, as well as in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Seychelles, and Tanzania. In the present chapter, we have reported the anticancer, antidiabetic antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties, as well as other biological activities and constituents of this plant. Due to its numerous pharmacological activities, S. aromaticum can be considered as a potential drug candidate for many ailments.
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A hydrodistillation-based essential oils extraction: A quest for the most effective and cleaner technology
2023, Sustainable Chemistry and PharmacyHydrodistillation methods have been used to extract essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants for decades. This article provides a cutting-edge review of the hydrodistillation methods used for essential oil extraction to assess their efficacy. Ten medicinal and aromatic plants were chosen for this evaluation. This investigation found the highest essential oil concentration in Clove buds (11.6%) and the lowest in Basil (1.1%). Hydrodistillation is the most effective method for extracting spices such as Cloves, Cumin, Ginger, Mentha, Dill seeds, Lemongrass, and Basil. Instead, steam distillation proved to be the most effective technique for extracting Lavender, Orange peels, and Eucalyptus. It has been revealed that ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation is the most effective and successful technique for essential oils extraction. Compared to other hydrodistillation techniques, ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation uses the least energy. Consequently, it is the cleaner technology for essential oils extraction. Many researchers have successfully extracted essential oils using solar energy. Clove produced the most excellent yield, 55 mL/kg, while Peppermint produced the lowest yield, 0.49 mL/day, utilising solar energy-assisted hydrodistillation. Based on the study results, it is evident that the ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation system must be optimised for essential oils extraction since it can offer a higher yield in the shortest time.
Ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil from clove buds – A step towards process improvement and sustainable outcome
2023, Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process IntensificationUltrasound-assisted hydrodistillation was selected for the extraction of essential oil from clove buds. The essential oil yield, eugenol content, and total phenolic content (TPC) were considered the critical response parameters during the parametric study. The effect of various process parameters on the responses has been studied using a one-factor-at-a-time approach followed by optimization of processing conditions using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The proposed model has shown good prediction capability. For the highest essential oil yield (15.23%, w/w), the optimum conditions were achieved at 50 min extraction time, 15 g solid loading, 500 W heating mantle power, 40% amplitude, and 20:40 pulse interval. Under these conditions, the residual water has 101.21 mg GAE/g phenolic compounds and exhibited 85.68% antioxidant activity. The incorporation of sonication in hydrodistillation has substantially improved the process by shrinking the carbon footprint by 25%, reducing the utility consumption to ∼42%, and increasing the oil yield. The outcomes of the present study suggest that ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation can be considered a sustainable and greener option for hydrodistillation.
Biosorption of Methylene blue using clove leaves waste modified with sodium hydroxide
2023, Results in ChemistryWater pollution with carbon-based dyes is a critical environmental problem owing to the severe life-threatening issues associated with their ingestion by humans and the associated release of dye molecules into the ecosystem. Before being released into the environment, a number of techniques and technologies have been researched to remove dye and other harmful compounds from textile and industrial effluents. Currently, scientists are looking at the efficacy of new, low-cost, and biodegradable biomaterials for removing noxious pollutants like methylene blue (MB) from water bodies and the ecosystem. In this study, clove leaves (CL) activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were employed as a bio-sorbent for the confiscation of MB. The produced CL-NaOH bio-sorbent was typified by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain the physiochemical properties of the CL-NaOH bio-sorbent. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to create a mathematical model and optimize the biosorption process of MB removal using activated CL-bio-sorbents using NaOH. Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the biosorption of MB showed the relative significance of the process parameters in MB confiscation. The biosorption process of MB to CL-NaOH bio-sorbent was perfectly defined utilizing the Freundlich (FRH), Langmuir (LNR) and pseudo-first-order (PFO) models. The established biosorption capacity was approximately 9.80 mg.g−1. Also, the calculated parameters of thermodynamics revealed that the biosorption of MB to the bio-sorbent was non-spontaneous and endothermic, with the process involving chemical sorption with high biosorption energy. Conclusively, this study reveals that the CL-NaOH bio-sorbent is a cost-efficient and recyclable bio-sorbent for the sequestration of MB from water-soluble solutions.
Toxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract
2022, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemistry, Functionality and ApplicationsA common spice, Syzygium aromaticum is widely known as clove; this is the flower bud of a tree that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. With its origin in Indonesia, it has found application in medicine in Asian and western countries. It has taken a prominent place in alternative medicine and as a food flavoring agent. The clove buds contain several compounds of interest, such as eugenol, eugenyl acetate, trans-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, polyphenols, tannins, and triterpenoids. These rich bioactives make it a sought-after home remedy for illness from dental complications to inflammation of several kinds. The active compounds have been effectively extracted using solvents such as water, ethanol, and methanol. These compounds contribute to the fragrance and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, which underpin its enormous applications in the food and flavoring industries. Despite these beneficial properties, they may elicit some adverse reactions when administered at higher concentrations. Clove buds and their extracts containing active compounds, or the standalone compounds such as eugenol and oleoresins, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. The phenolics-rich fraction of clove has been reported to show no adverse effects on Wistar rats at 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. A few research reports are indicative of the extract affecting the reproductive indices in animal models. However, the studies related to the toxic exposure of clove extracts are limited due to the highly variable nature of the sources and their constituents extracted thereafter. This work discusses the toxicity of different types of clove extracts.
Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) cultivars: Convenient source of eugenol and its role in commercially important formulations
2022, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemistry, Functionality and ApplicationsCloves (Syzygium aromaticum) are the aromatic flower buds, commonly used as a spice, belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are available as different cultivars throughout the year due to different environmental conditions in different countries. Cloves are commonly used in spices, but they also have importance in different commercial formulations. Cloves possess a wide range of bioactive compounds, but the most important are phenolics. Besides other phenolics, eugenol and its derivatives are present in considerable quantity as the most active functional metabolites. These compounds in cloves are strong radical scavengers/antioxidants and make cloves a choice for commercial sources of phenolics. Clove oil eugenol is also used as an anesthetic in aquaculture for many species of fish worldwide. Its use with gilthead seabream has been considered safe with no compromise on immune depression in anesthetized fish. Considering emulsion formulations of essential oils as bio-safe, biocompatible with good pharmacological potential, clove oil emulsion has also been formulated to substitute chemical (i.e., synthetic gels and antibiotic-based ointments) topical products used in the treatment of inflammation and healing wounds. Eugenol has essential applications in treating teeth, especially the products of eugenol-based root canal sealers are considered safer and more effective. In this chapter, eugenol-based commercially important products are discussed to highlight their importance and comparison with other products focusing on cost and functional effectiveness, and safety.
Effect of extraction techniques on the yield, composition, and quality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil
2022, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemistry, Functionality and ApplicationsClove, a tropical spice, is a good source of essential oil having numerous biological activities. It contains 15%–20% (w/w) volatile oil comprises of 70%–95% eugenol, a strong aromatic compound with a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Several conventional and novel techniques have been utilized to extract the essential oil from clove buds, leaves, and stems which include hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted supercritical fluid extraction, cold pressing assisted supercritical fluid extraction, and ohmic heating assisted hydrodistillation. This chapter briefly describes various traditional/conventional and novel/innovative techniques focusing on underlying principles, mechanisms, critical parameters, benefits, and constraints of each technique. The chapter also compares novel techniques with conventional techniques in terms of processing conditions, responses, energy, and environmental impact.