Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of latexes

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(86)90021-4

Synthetic Metals

Volume 15, Issues 2–3, July–August 1986, Pages 175-182

https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(86)90021-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

Polymeric compositions with conductivities ranging from 10⁻³S/cm to 5 S/cm have been prepared from the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of certain latexes. The polypyrrole/polymer complexes that form on the anode can be subsequently dispersed in a number of common organic solvents for a variety of applications. In addition to its intrinsic conductivity, the chemical and physical properties of the composition can be regulated by the choice of the latex.

References (18)

S. Lindsey et al.
Synth. Met.
(1984/85)
G. Graff
Chem. Week
(1985)
M. Aldissi et al.
J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.
(1984)
T. Inabe et al.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
(1983)
G. Wnek et al.
Polym. Commun.
(1982)
G. Wnek et al.
Polym. Bull.
(1985)
M. De Paoli et al.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
(1984)
O. Niwa et al.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
(1984)
A. Nazzai et al.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
(1985)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (31)

Polypyrrole nanocoatings of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) particles
2010, Polymer
Citation Excerpt :
However the low PPy solubility makes its processability difficult and so many efforts to improve it have been made. Coating of latex particles has been proposed to obtain processable polypyrrole both by electrochemical [4,5] or chemical pyrrole polymerization in the presence of different latexes [6–15]. Many of the published studies are referred to PPy coated polystyrene (PS) latexes.
In this study the properties of polypyrrole (PPy) nanocoating over poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (PS-MAA) particles were investigated. Monodisperse PS-MAA templates were obtained by free surfactant emulsion polymerization. The addition of methacrylic acid into the monomer feed mixture reduced particle size, ionic charge and hydrophobicity of the template surface. Correlations between template sizes and compositions, PPy confinement (granularity, shell size, etc.) and electrical conductivity, σ, are discussed. After dissolving the PPy/PS-MAA composites in tetrahydrofurane, PPy void spheres are obtained proving the core-shell nature of the coated particles. Bare styrene templates show densely packed PPy coatings and electrical conductivities near 7 S cm⁻¹ at high PPy loadings; on the contrary, at the same PPy mass percentage, the richer methacrylic acid particles show low packed PPy grains and conductivities that fall to 0.8 S cm⁻¹. In core-shell particles the PPy mass per unit area, Γ, is the key parameter which determines the insulator–conductor transition for any particle size. The conductivity values of PPy/PS-MAA composites follow a percolation law: $σ \propto {(Γ - Γ_{c})}^{t}$ , with a critical threshold Γ_c=(0.262 ± 0.002)×10⁻⁶ g cm⁻². The critical exponent obtained t = 1.98 ± 0.07 agrees with the predicted value t = 2.0 for three-dimensional lattices of random resistors.
Synthesis of surface conductive polyurethane films
1995, Synthetic Metals
Polyurethane films containing 3-methylthiophene were first prepared by the condensation of poly(propylene glycol) diol, poly(propylene glycol) triol and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate in the presence of a catalyst and 3-methylthiophene, at room temperature, overnight. The immersion of the films in a suitable organic solution of ferric chloride led to their rapid coating with conductive layers of poly(3-methylthiophene) via the diffusion-oxidative reaction of 3-methylthiophene and ferric chloride. The effects of the oxidative reaction time, the concentration of ferric chloride, the type of polyurethane, the solvent used for ferric chloride and the weight ratio of 3-methylthiophene to polyurethane were investigated. The coating layer was of the order of tens of micrometers and its conductivity was as high as 42 S/cm.
Transparent and conducting coatings of polyaniline composites
1995, Thin Solid Films
Transparent and conducting coatings of a polyaniline(PANI)/polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) or PANI/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites were prepared by chemical polymerization in situ onto the surface of transparent sheets. Their surface resistances and transparencies were measured as functions of the concentrations of aniline monomer and oxidizer, oxidation time, thickness of the coatings and the matrix polymers used, etc. A typical coating layer with surface resistance of 10³–10⁴Ω/□ and transparency of 60%–70% at 500 nm on the surface of a transparent sheet can be obtained. Some differences in the surface resistance and transparency values between PANI/PMMA and PANI/PVC coatings were observed, which may be caused by differences in their morphologies. The conduction mechanism of these coatings can be described by a charge-energy-limited tunnelling model.
Inverted emulsion pathway to polypyrrole and polypyrrole elastomer composites
1994, Synthetic Metals
A new method is proposed for the preparation of polypyrrole and polypyrrole-elastomer composites. An inverted emulsion of water containing the oxidant (FeCl₃) in a solution (toluene, or a mixture of toluene and isooctane) of the host polymer (styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer), or free of the host polymer, was first generated. The bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant was used as dispersant. A solution of pyrrole in toluene was introduced dropwise in the inverted emulsion. Because of the large interfacial area between the aqueous solution and the continuous phase containing pyrrole, a rapid oxidation occurred and, as a result, colloidal-sized polypyrrole particles were generated. Methanol was employed to precipitate the polymers. The pure polypyrrole black prepared by using AOT as dispersant exhibited a conductivity of 34 S/cm, while that prepared without using AOT gave a conductivity of 9 S/cm. The elastomeric sheets prepared by hot-pressing possessed electrical conductivities in the range of 2–3 S/cm, a tensile strength of 7–13 MPa and an elongation at the break point of 47–259%. The factors that affect the conductivities of the composites include the content of polypyrrole, the molar ratio of H₂O to AOT, the concentration of Fe(III) salt in the aqueous solution and the nature of the solvent employed as the continuous phase of the emulsion. The effect of doping was also investigated by comparing various counter-anions of the positively charged pyrrole unit. The following sequence was observed: Cl⁻>ClO₄⁻⪢p-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃⁻.
Transparent conductive coatings
1993, Synthetic Metals
Transparent conducting coatings based on doped polyaniline were prepared and characterized. The coatings when laid down on a variety of substrates showed good adhesion. The coated sheets had surface resistance between 1 × 10³ to 1 × 10⁹ ohms/sq. and transparency between 40–70%. The coated samples retained their conductivity on exposure to water, common chemicals, and cleaning solvents and are thermally stable to 200°C.
Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole/elastomeric latex composites
1991, Synthetic Metals
The development of single stage electrochemical synthesis of a polypyrrole/carboxylated elastomeric latex composite in aqueous medium without addition of an electrolyte, has enabled us to obtain materials which are of uniform composition, and therefore of uniform conductivity(of the order of 10⁻¹ to 10⁻³ S/cm depending on operating conditions)and which display good mechanical behaviour. The function of electrolyte and counterion are performed by CO₂⁻ graft anions and SO₃²⁻ surfactant anions.
Applying a thermal treatment to these materials enables their conductivity to be modified while retaining acceptable mechanical properties.

View all citing articles on Scopus

^∗: Present address: Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 444 Saw Mill River Road, Ardsley, NY 10507, U.S.A.

View full text

Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of latexes

Abstract

Synth. Met.

Chem. Week

J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.

Polym. Commun.

Polym. Bull.

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.