In situ polymerization of pyrrole in animal tissue in the formation of hybrid biomaterials

doi:10.1016/0142-9612(95)93864-A

Biomaterials

Volume 16, Issue 8, 1995, Pages 657-661

https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(95)93864-A Get rights and content

Abstract

Porcine pericardium was impregnated with pyrrole or its derivative, sodium 4-(3-pyrrolyl)butanesulphonate (SPBS), by soaking the animal tissue in the monomer. Subsequent in situ chemical polymerization of the monomer-rich tissue using FeCl₃ as initiator produced black polypyrrole-tissue hybrid biomaterials. The rate and extent of polymerization was found to be greater in 0.5 m acetic acid than in Hepes-buffered saline (HBS) and also greater for SPBS than for pyrrole. However, better tissue integrity was obtained for polymerization in HBS. Histological examination showed that the monomers do not permeate through the entire tissue, restricting polymerization to the surface layers of the tissue. The samples so formed do not exhibit detectable electrical conductivity.

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Citation Excerpt :
PPy–PMAS is a hydrophobic composite with low electrical impedance, and was shown to support the adhesion and proliferation of PC-12 nerve cells [20]. PPy was even combined with animal tissue but, as the monomer was not able to permeate the tissue, it was only deposited on the surface [103,104]. Composites of PANI and polypropylene (PP) were created for neurobiological applications [46].
Developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials with easy-to-tailor properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering community. A novel type of electroactive biomaterial, the conductive polymer, promises to become one such material. Conductive polymers are already used in fuel cells, computer displays and microsurgical tools, and are now finding applications in the field of biomaterials. These versatile polymers can be synthesised alone, as hydrogels, combined into composites or electrospun into microfibres. They can be created to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Their physical properties can easily be optimized for a specific application through binding biologically important molecules into the polymer using one of the many available methods for their functionalization. Their conductive nature allows cells or tissue cultured upon them to be stimulated, the polymers’ own physical properties to be influenced post-synthesis and the drugs bound in them released, through the application of an electrical signal. It is thus little wonder that these polymers are becoming very important materials for biosensors, neural implants, drug delivery devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. Focusing mainly on polypyrrole, polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), we review conductive polymers from the perspective of tissue engineering. The basic properties of conductive polymers, their chemical and electrochemical synthesis, the phenomena underlying their conductivity and the ways to tailor their properties (functionalization, composites, etc.) are discussed.
Chemical deposition of conducting polymers
2001, Polymer
The coating of different materials with conducting electroactive polymers (CEP), i.e. polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and their derivatives, provided by means of chemical polymerization, is briefly reviewed. The topics covered include the deposition of CEP (i) by bulk oxidative chemical polymerization, (ii) by surface-located polymerization, and (iii) by coating of micro- and nanoparticles. The coating of different materials like polymers, polymer particles, ion-exchange membranes, glass, fiber, textile, soluble matrices, inorganic materials is reviewed. The literature reviewed covers a 5-year period, beginning from 1995.
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The shrinkage temperature of animal tissue-polypyrrole hybrids have been evaluated. The results indicate that the tissue's shrinkage temperature behaviour is retained. The tissues do not appear to have been affected by surface layering with polypyrrole or poly(sodium 3-pyrrolyl-butanesulphonate) (PSPBS). The main influence on the shrinkage temperature appears to be the reaction conditions in producing the hybrids i.e. the solvent and the presence of FeCl₃. Hybrids obtained from reactions where the solvent was acetic acid demonstrated irreversible denaturation giving a final lower shrinkage temperature than the original value. All tissues exposed to FeCl₃ were found to have higher shrinkage temperatures. This has been attributed to transient coordination bonding between the metal ion and side groups on the amino acid. The single peak of PSPBS-tissue hybrids in acetic acid is probably associated with the effective penetration of the PSPBS into the tissue, permitting some interaction between the functionalities of the conducting polymer and collagen.
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Biomaterials

Abstract

References (7)

Electrically charged polymeric substrates enhance nerve fibre outgrowth in vitro

Biomaterials

Bioartificial polymeric materials: a new method to design biomaterials by using both biological and synthetic polymers

Trends Polym Sci

The coating of intravascular plastic prostheses with colloidal graphite

Surgery

Cited by (15)

Conductive polymers: Towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering

Chemical deposition of conducting polymers

Animal tissue-polypyrrole hybrid biomaterials: Shrinkage temperature evaluation

Electrochemical polymerization of conducting polymers in living neural tissue

Metabolite-induced in vivo fabrication of substrate-free organic bioelectronics

Implantable Biomaterials for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration–Technology Trends and Translational Tribulations