ArticleThe influence of bipedalism on the energy and water budgets of early hominids
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2020, Journal of Human EvolutionCitation Excerpt :These studies took advantage of the tight link between water loss and heat loss and estimated water loss by modeling evaporation from the respiratory tract and skin using a heat exchange model. Heat exchange modeling is a well-established approach in a wide spectrum of research areas including physiology, ecology, thermal comfort, aerospace, textile engineering, meteorology, medicine, and military (Porter and Gates, 1969; Stolwijk, 1971; Kerslake, 1972; Haslam and Parsons, 1988; Malchaire et al., 2001; Fiala et al., 2012; Parsons, 2014), and also human evolution (Austin and Lansing, 1986; Wheeler, 1991a, 1992a, 1992b, 1993; Chaplin et al., 1994; Queiroz do Amaral, 1996; Cross et al., 2008; Ruxton and Wilkinson, 2011a, 2011b; Dávid-Barrett and Dunbar, 2016; Collard and Cross, 2017). We built on this vast body of research and use heat exchange modeling and simulation to estimate water loss during persistence hunting in H. erectus who is considered to have already possessed most traits related to endurance locomotion in the heat (Bramble and Lieberman, 2004; Lieberman et al., 2009; Jablonski, 2012).
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2018, Comptes Rendus - PalevolBody surface area and thermoregulation in giraffes
2017, Journal of Arid EnvironmentsCitation Excerpt :By having a dolichomorphic shape and pointing their heads towards the sun, giraffes can reduce the proportion of body surface intercepting incident solar radiation to well below the proportion in a “cylindrical” animal. That advantage accrues to other taxa, including ants (Sommer and Wehner, 2012) and snakes (Robinson and Hughes, 1978) active in the Namib Desert sun, in wildebeest (Maloney et al., 2005), and has been considered an advantage of hominin bipedalism allowing invasion of open plains (Wheeler, 1991b). Where large enough refuges are available, giraffe can reduce radiant heat loads better by seeking shade, as they do in Etosha National Park (Kuntsch and Nel, 1990).
Shorter arms count: The energetic costs of raw material catchment in a new experimental approach at Sierra de Atapuerca
2017, Quaternary InternationalCitation Excerpt :Accordingly, load-carrying could be either part of the initial selective impetus for the emergence of bipedalism (Carvalho et al., 2012), as well as a behaviour that emerged after upright walking had evolved. There are many selective agents proposed to explain the origin of hominin locomotion, as demographic and reproductive constraints (Lovejoy, 1981), thermoregulation (Wheeler, 1999), carrying behaviour (Hewes, 1961; Videan and McGrew, 2002) and energetic considerations (Rodman and McHenry, 1980; Leonard and Robertson, 1995; Foley and Elton, 1998; Sockol et al., 2007) Despite a lack of consensus, our results suggests that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Thus, the considerations argued on the basis of the efficiency of bipedalism agree with the relationship observed here between physical activity and leg length.
Efficiency of gathering and its archaeological implications for an European Early Palaeolithic population
2017, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology