Pertinency of an extraneous variable
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An approach to quantifying the potential importance of residual confounding in systematic reviews of observational studies: A GRADE concept paper
2021, Environment InternationalCitation Excerpt :The current GRADE approach to defining such a “large magnitude of effect” takes a precise relative risk (RR) of > 2 as a cut-off value. Based on modelling studies conducted over 50 years ago, this magnitude of effect is considered to be large enough that it is unlikely to be explained by residual confounding (Bross, 1967). When the results of a systematic review based on observational evidence exceeds this threshold, and when the effect is precise and the observational studies do not exhibit other important limitations in study design or execution, the certainty of evidence may be rated up by one level (Guyatt et al., 2011b).
Indirect adjustment of relative risks of an exposure with multiple categories for an unmeasured confounder
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