Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(84)90010-1

Journal of Biomechanics

Volume 17, Issue 3, 1984, Pages 195-201

https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(84)90010-1 Get rights and content

Abstract

The use of the Norland-Cameron Bone Mineral Analyzer (BMA) to measure the cross-sectional moment of inertia of the mineral in a long bone is described and data regarding the usefulness and precision of the method are presented. The correlation coefficients between BMA-measured CSMI and that obtained from cross-sectional geometry were 0.99 both for a series of aluminum tubes and five bones of different sizes. The BMA-measured CSMI was linearly correlated with the CSMI digitized from cross-sections of a series of human ulnas at the r = 0.92 and 0.95 level in the AP and ML directions, respectively. The BMA-measured CSMI also correlated well with the torsional and bending behavior of ulnar specimens. Finally, a method for estimation the CSMI of a long bone section from BMA readings of mineral content and bone width is described. A linear correlation of r = 0.98 with the CSMI digitized from sections of human radii is demonstrated.

References (22)

J.D. Currey
The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone
J. Biomechanics
(1969)
J.D. Currey
The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bone
J. Biomechanics
(1975)
J.M. Jurist et al.
Human ulnar bending stiffness, mineral content, geometry and strength
J. Biomechanics
(1977)
C.O. Lovejoy et al.
Geometrical properties of bone sections determined by laminagraphy and physical sections
J. Biomechanics
(1977)
D.B. Morgan et al.
The amount of bone in the metacarpal and the phalanx according to age and sex
Clin. Radiol.
(1967)
P.T. Baker et al.
The accuracy of human bone composition determined from roentgenograms
Photogramm. Engng.
(1959)
S. Borders et al.
Prediction of bending strength of long bones from measurements of bending stiffness and bone mineral content
J. biomech. Engng
(1977)
J.R. Cameron et al.
Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method
Science
(1963)
J.R. Cameron et al.
Precision and accuracy of bone mineral determination by direct photon absorptiometry
Invest. Radiol.
(1968)
N. Dalen et al.
Bone mineral content of mechanical strength of the femoral neck
Acta orthop. scand.
(1976)

L. Gustafsson et al.

X-ray spectrophotometry for bone mineral determinations

Med. Biol. Engng.

(1974)

Cited by (216)

Mechanical loading attenuated negative effects of nucleotide analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor TDF on bone repair via Wnt/β-catenin pathway
2022, Bone
The nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), is widely used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). However, long-term TDF usage is associated with an increased incidence of bone loss, osteoporosis, fractures, and other adverse reactions. We investigated the effect of chronic TDF use on bone homeostasis and defect repair in mice. In vitro, TDF inhibited osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo, 8-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were treated with TDF for 38 days to simulate chronic medication. Four-point bending test and μCT showed reduced bone biomechanical properties and microarchitecture in long bones. To investigate the effects of TDF on bone defect repair, we utilized a bilateral tibial monocortical defect model. μCT showed that TDF reduced new bone mineral tissue and bone mineral density (BMD) in the defect. To verify whether mechanical stimulation may be a useful treatment to counteract the negative bone effects of TDF, controlled dynamic mechanical loading was applied to the whole tibia during the matrix deposition phase on post-surgery days (PSDs) 5 to 8. Second harmonic generation (SHG) of collagen fibers and μCT showed that the reduction of new bone volume and bone mineral density caused by TDF was reversed by mechanical loading in the defect. Immunofluorescent deep tissue imaging showed that chronic TDF treatment reduced the number of osteogenic cells and the volume of new vessels. In addition, chronic TDF treatment inhibited the expressions of periostin and β-catenin, but increased the expression of sclerostin. Both negative effects were reversed by mechanical loading. Our study provides strong evidence that chronic use of TDF exerts direct and inhibitory impacts on bone repair, but appropriate mechanical loading could reverse these adverse effects.
Newly developed hip geometry parameters are associated with hip fracture
2021, Journal of Orthopaedic Science
The conventional and newly developed geometry parameters at the femoral neck have formed a large geometry profile and their relationship with hip fracture was largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the geometry profile and hip fracture in Chinese.
The hip geometry profile contains seven conventional geometry parameters at femoral neck (FN) and thirty newly developed parameters at three sub-regions (Narrow Neck, NN; Intertrochanter, IT; Femoral shaft, FS) of the total hip. Based on 6294 recruited Chinese (≥65 years), 97 subjects with osteoporotic fracture (OF) history and 388 matched controls were selected. The t test, Chi-square statistic, conditional logistic regression model were used.
Three geometric parameters (endocortical diameter, ED; cortical thickness, CT; buckling ratio, BR) have consistent differences at all the sites between the cases and controls (p < 0.01). Conventional geometry parameters (e.g., cross-sectional area, CSA; BR) and the newly developed parameters (e.g., NN_ED, NN_Outer Diameter, IT_ED) were identified as the risk factors of hip fracture independent of BMD. The additional predictive ability of the hip geometric parameters, over BMD alone, (receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis) was improved. Especially at NN, the area of ROC used single NN_BMD is only 0.596, but increased rapidly at 0.705 when combined with the hip geometric parameters.
This study found that three newly developed hip geometry parameters are associated with hip fracture. The results will increase our understanding of the determinants of fracture and provide potential clue for future prevention of fracture in Chinese Population.
Does the Severity of Obesity Influence Bone Mineral Density Values in Premenopausal Women?
2021, Journal of Clinical Densitometry
The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and geometric indices of hip bone strength among 3 groups of adult obese premenopausal women (severely obese, morbidly obese, and super morbidly obese). This study included 65 young adult premenopausal women whose body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m². They were divided into 3 groups using international cut-offs for BMI. Body composition and bone variables were measured by DXA. DXA measurements were completed for the whole body (WB), lumbar spine, total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN). Geometric indices of FN strength (cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia [CSMI], section modulus [Z], strength index [SI], and buckling ratio) were calculated by DXA. Results showed that age and height were not significantly different among the 3 groups. WB BMC values were higher in super morbidly obese women compared to severely and morbidly obese women. WB BMD, L1-L4 BMD, total hip BMD, FN BMD, cross-sectional area, CSMI, Z, and buckling ratio values were not significantly different among the 3 groups. SI values were lower in super morbidly obese compared to morbidly and severely obese women. In the whole population (n = 65), body weight, BMI, lean mass, fat mass, and trunk fat mass were positively correlated to WB BMC and negatively correlated to SI. Weight and lean mass were positively correlated to WB BMD and CSMI. Our findings suggest that the severity of obesity does not influence BMD values in premenopausal women.
Adaptation of skeletal structure to mechanical loading
2020, Marcus and Feldman’s Osteoporosis
In this chapter, we present a mechanobiological perspective of the skeleton and the role of loading in bone mass acquisition during growth. Theoretical and computational investigations of bone functional adaptation are reviewed for cortical and cancellous bone. Similarly, in vivo models of controlled loading are presented in the context of the theoretical modeling framework, highlighting knowledge gained from these experiments regarding the mechanobiological response of cortical and cancellous bone. Finally, key mechanistic considerations are discussed, concluding with open questions and opportunities for future research in bone mechanotransduction.
Macroimaging
2019, Principles of Bone Biology
This chapter reviews in vivo imaging techniques used in the field of osteoporosis for diagnosis of osteoporosis, fracture prediction, or monitoring of therapeutic interventions and age-related changes. Standard techniques include radiography to diagnose fractures, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and cortical geometry, and finite element analysis to measure bone strength. New developments include advanced dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis to obtain the trabecular bone score for assessing vertebral bone texture and the possibility of generating CT-like volumetric data from DXA scans[VK1] . High-resolution peripheral QCT can be used to measure trabecular structure and cortical porosity at the distal forearm and tibia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the unique possibility of determining cortical water to characterize collagen content and cortical porosity. Another application of MRI is the measurement of bone marrow fat content and composition, marrow perfusion, and marrow molecular diffusion. Most recent applications of CT include opportunistic screening, the reuse of existing CT images obtained for routine clinical purposes such as tumor diagnosis, to identify patients at high risk for osteoporotic fracture. Another emerging field is the combination of muscle parameters determined either by MRI or by CT with standard BMD and geometry parameters to improve fracture risk prediction by potentially addressing the components of a fall, which are related to muscle characteristics
Histomorphology
2019, Ortner's Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains
Bone adjusts the amount and distribution of its mass to withstand its typical mechanical loading environment. Modeling alters the external size and cross-sectional shape of the bone. Remodeling modifies the distribution, size, and shape of the microscopic structures that compose bone tissue. Toughening mechanisms, which allow bone to dissipate energy before breaking, are major determinants of this histomorphology. Dysregulation of the remodeling process due to aging or pathological conditions can significantly alter bone microstructure. This impedes microstructural contributions to bone strength, increasing bone fragility and fracture risk. This chapter demonstrates calculation of remodeling parameters. It also discusses how specific microstructural features are associated with mechanical loading in healthy individuals, and how their histological presentation is changed by aging and pathology. Microdamage, lacunar-canaliculi architecture, vascular porosity, lamellar organization, and whole bone cross-sectional shape are individually considered. Bone histomorphology is essential for understanding how pathological conditions alter bone strength.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Article preview

Journal of Biomechanics

Abstract

References (22)

The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone

J. Biomechanics

The effects of strain rate, reconstruction and mineral content on some mechanical properties of bone

J. Biomechanics

Human ulnar bending stiffness, mineral content, geometry and strength

J. Biomechanics

Geometrical properties of bone sections determined by laminagraphy and physical sections

J. Biomechanics

The amount of bone in the metacarpal and the phalanx according to age and sex

Clin. Radiol.

The accuracy of human bone composition determined from roentgenograms

Photogramm. Engng.

Prediction of bending strength of long bones from measurements of bending stiffness and bone mineral content

J. biomech. Engng

Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method

Science

Precision and accuracy of bone mineral determination by direct photon absorptiometry

Invest. Radiol.

Bone mineral content of mechanical strength of the femoral neck

Acta orthop. scand.

X-ray spectrophotometry for bone mineral determinations

Med. Biol. Engng.

Cited by (216)

Mechanical loading attenuated negative effects of nucleotide analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor TDF on bone repair via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Newly developed hip geometry parameters are associated with hip fracture

Does the Severity of Obesity Influence Bone Mineral Density Values in Premenopausal Women?

Adaptation of skeletal structure to mechanical loading

Macroimaging

Histomorphology