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Seed and seedling establishment in abandoned tea plantations role of ecological and edaphic factors, southern Western Ghats, India

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Abstract

Seed input and microsite suitability play a major role in tropical forest recovery. Understanding these can provide insights on passive restoration, especially in abandoned plantations near forests. This study assesses recovery of native species in abandoned tea plantations and identifies ecological and edaphic factors influencing seed input and seedling recruitment. We measured seed inputs from forest to plantation using 1 × 1 m plot along a transect at specific distances from the forest edge. The results showed that 54–63% of species reached plantations. Proximity to forest strongly influenced both seeds from seed bank and seedling establishment within the plantations. The plantations 25 m from forest recorded 37–59% of forest species while at 95 m only 11–14% of species were recorded. Seed input varied with elevation and seedling establishment at lower elevation strongly correlated with organic carbon and phosphorous whereas at higher elevation it was soil pH and electrical conductivity. Overall dispersal limitation and microsite conditions strongly influence seed colonization and establishment.

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Acknowledgements

This research is part of Ph.D. work by first author and was funded by the Rufford small grant UK and Student fellowship from Norwegian fund. We thank the Tamil Nadu Forest Department for permission. We also thank Tamil Azhagan, Johnson and over dozen other field assistants who helped us with this work. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript.

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  1. The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, 74/2, Jarakabande Kaval, Post Attur Via Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India

    H. C. Chetan

  2. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bengaluru, 560064, India

    H. C. Chetan, R. Ganesan & T. Ganesh

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  1. H. C. Chetan
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Correspondence to H. C. Chetan.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

List of species recorded in the seed bank and seedlings in plantations and forests (whereas: F—Forest-edge, T—tea plantation)

Species name

Family

Seeds

Seedlings

 

Lower

Higher

Lower

Higher

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Fabaceae

F

   

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

 

F

T

 

Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.

Rutaceae

F/T

F/T

F

F/T

Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble

Lauraceae

  

F

F/T

Aglaia sp.

Meliaceae

 

F

F/T

 

Agrostistachys borneansis Becc.

Euphorbiaceae

F

F/T

  

Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

 

F

  

Apama siliquosa Lam.

Aristolochiaceae

   

F

Ardisia pauciflora Heyne ex Roxb.

Myrsinaceae

 

F/T

 

F/T

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Moraceae

 

F

  

Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex J. Hk.

Lauraceae

 

F/T

  

Bentinckia condapanna Berry ex Roxb.

Arecaceae

T

F

  

Bischofia javanica Bl.

Euphorbiaceae

F

   

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Fischer

Euphorbiaceae

T

T

F/T

F/T

Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (B. latifolia Roxb.)

Anacardiaceae

F

F/T

  

Calamus sp1

Arecaceae

F

F/T

 

F

Calamus sp2

Arecaceae

 

F/T

  

Calamus sp3

Arecaceae

 

F

  

Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. ex Stevens

Guttiferae

 

F

  

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Theaceaea

  

T

T

Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teys. & Binn.

Rubiaceae

 

T

  

Canthium sp.

Rubiaceae

T

   

Caryota urens L.

Arecaceae

F/T

F

F

 

Caseria esculenta Roxb.

Flacourtiaceae

   

T

Cassia fistula L.

Caesalpiniaceae

  

F

F

Chionanthus malabaricaBedd.FI

Oleaceae

 

F

  

Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) Bl.

Lauraceae

F

F

 

T

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.

Verbenaceae

T

F/T

 

F

Coffea arabica L.

Rubiaceaea

 

F

  

Connarus wightii Hk.f

Connaraceae

 

F/T

  

Cullenia exarillata Robyns

Bombacaceae

 

F

 

F/T

Cyclea peltata (Lam.) J. Hk. & Thoms.

Menispermaceae

T

T

F

 

Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel.

Ebenaceae

F/T

F

F/T

F/T

Diospyros sp.

Ebenaceae

F

   

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.

Sapindaceae

F/T

T

F/T

 

Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.

Elaeagnaceae

F/T

F/T

  

Elaeocarpus munronii (Wl.) Masters

Elaeocarpaceae

F/T

F/T

F/T

F

Elaeocarpus serratus L.

Elaeocarpaceae

F/T

F/T

 

T

Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

Elaeocarpaceae

 

F/T

  

Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn

Elaeocarpaceae

F/T

   

Embelia basaal (Roem. & Schult.)

Myrsinaceae

F/T

F

  

Embelia ribes Burm.f.

Myrsinaceae

F

F/T

 

F

Erythropalum populifolium Mast.

Olacaceae

 

F

  

Erythroxylum moonii Hochr.

Erythroxylaceae

  

F

 

Eugenia thwaitesii Duthie

Myrtaceae

  

F

F/T

Ficus sp1

Moraceae

F/T

   

Ficus virens Ait.

Moraceae

 

T

  

Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs.

Clusiaceae

F

   

Glochidion sp.

Euphorbiaceae

F

   

Gnetum ula Brogn.

Gnetaceae

F/T

   

Gomphandra coriacea Wt.

Icacinaceae

F

   

Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wt. & Arn.

Theaceae

F/T

 

F/T

T

Holigarna nigra Bourd.

Anacardiaceae

F

   

Hydnocarpus alpina Wt.

Flacourtiaceae

 

F

  

Isonandra lanceolata Wt.

Sapotaceae

 

F

  

Lantana camara L.

Verbenaceaea

T

F/T

T

T

Lasianthus parvifolius Wt.

Rubiaceae

   

F

Ligustrum perrottetii A. DC

Oleaceae

F/T

T

F/T

F/T

Litsea mysorensis Gamble

Lauraceae

F

F/T

F

F/T

Litsea sp.

Lauraceae

F

   

Litsea wightiana (Nees) J.Hk.

Lauraceae

F/T

F/T

F/T

F/T

Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Mueller

Euphorbiaceae

F/T

F/T

  

Maesa indica (Roxb.) DC

Myrsinaceae

 

T

T

T

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

F/T

   

Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz

Euphorbiaceae

 

F/T

T

 

Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd. subsp. arborea

Cornaceae

F/T

F

  

Miliusa wightiana J.Hk. & Thoms.

Annonaceae

 

F

T

F/T

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack

Rutaceae

  

T

T

Myristica beddomei King

Myristicaceae

F

F

F

F

Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble var. caesia (Meisner) Gamble

Lauraceae

   

T

Nothopegia colebrookeana (Wight) Blume

Anacardiaceae

T

   

Nothopegia travancorica Bedd ex Hook.

Anacardiaceae

 

F

  

Olea glandulifera Wall. ex G. Don

Oleaceae

F

   

Osyris arborea Wall.

Santalaceae

F/T

F

F/T

 

Passiflora edulis f.

Passifloraceae

 

T

  

Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm

Lauraceae

F

F/T

  

Phoenix loureirii var. humilis

Arecaceae

 

F

  

Phyllanthus sp.

Euphorbiaceae

F/T

   

Piper sp.

Piperaceae

F

F/T

 

F/T

Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight & Arn.

Pittosporaceae

  

T

 

Pittosporum tetraspermum Wt. & Arn.

Pittosporaceae

F/T

F

F/T

 

Pleurostylia opposita (Wall.) Alston

Celastraceae

F/T

   

Prunus ceylanica (Wt.) Miq.

Rosaceae

 

F/T

  

Psidium guajava L.

Myrtaceaa

T

T

T

T

Psychotria sp.

Rubiaceae

F/T

F/T

 

F

Rapanea wightiana Mez.

Myrsinaceae

   

F

Rubus rugosus Smith var. thwaitesii Focke

Rosaceae

 

T

 

T

Santalum album Linn.

Santalaceae

T

   

Saprosma corymbosum (Bedd.) Bedd.

Rubiaceae

F

F

 

F

Sarcandra chloranthoides Gard.

Chloranthaceae

 

F

 

F/T

Scolopia crenata (Wright & Arn.) Clos var. brevifolia Mukherjee

Flacourtiaceae

F/T

F/T

F

F/T

Smilax zeylanica L.

Smilacaceae

 

F/T

F/T

F/T

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.Moore.

Symplocaceae

F/T

F/T

F/T

F/T

Symplocos sp.,

Symplocaceae

 

F/T

  

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

F/T

F/T

T

 

Syzygium sp.

Myrtaceae

 

F

F

F/T

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston

Vitaceae

F

F/T

  

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam

Rutaceae

F

F

 

F/T

Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentvelzen

Meliaceae

 

F

F

F

Tylophora subramanii Henry

Asclepiadaceae

 

F

  

Urena lobata L.

Malvaceae

T

F

  

Viburnum punctatum Ham. ex G.Don

Caprifoliaceae

F/T

F/T

F/T

F/T

Vitex altissima L.f.

Verbenaceae

T

F

  

Zanthoxylum tetraspermum W.A.

Rutaceae

 

F

  

unid species

Unidb

23

24

35

12

  1. aExotic and invasive species
  2. bUnidentified species total numbers

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Chetan, H.C., Ganesan, R. & Ganesh, T. Seed and seedling establishment in abandoned tea plantations role of ecological and edaphic factors, southern Western Ghats, India. Trop Ecol 60, 566–580 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-020-00052-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-020-00052-2

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