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Origin, fate, and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in groundwater bodies: a holistic review

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Abstract

Groundwater is one of the primary and most safe sources of freshwater supplies to sustain human life. Emerging contaminants (ECs) including pharmaceutical contaminants (PhACs), personal care products (PCPs), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), synthetic chemicals, and artificial sweeteners (ASWs) are detected in groundwater supplies in trace amounts, raising concerns about the possible adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem; thus, surveillance of contaminants is important to minimize risks. Therefore, this paper reviews more than 50 studies (2000–2020) that provide accurate and analytical information on PhACs and their composition in groundwater. In specific, detailed data on the occurrence and impact of ECs in various water body matrices are systematically analyzed and classified with respect to distinct groups (PhACs, PCPs, EDCs, ASWs, etc.). The main objective of this study is to (1) evaluate groundwater contamination via depicting occurrence and classification of PhACs as ECs, (2) analyze the health and ecological risk due to emerging PhACs, and (3) showcase challenges faced by industries and future prospects for further research on PhACs. The correlation between the occurrence of PhACs and their related health and ecological risks can be easily understood by this paper, which opens a new gateway to discover analytical strategies for future surveillance research works and to fill in the research gaps found in the existing state of knowledge on PhACs.

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Abbreviations

ECs:

emerging contaminants

PhACs:

pharmaceutical contaminants

PPCPs:

pharmaceuticals and personal care products

PCPs:

personal care products

EDCs:

endocrine-disrupting compounds

ASWs:

artificial sweeteners

WWTPs:

wastewater treatment plants

DWTPs:

drinking water treatment plants

RQ:

risk quotient

HQ:

hazardous quotient

MDL:

method detection limit

PECs:

predicted environmental concentrations

PNECs:

predicted no effect concentration

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, for the permission to publish this research.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382426

    Yash Vaddoriya, Vishwa Patel, Prit Patel, Maheshree Gohil, Cathrine Gono, Kelvin Mgaiwa & Manan Shah

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  1. Yash Vaddoriya
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  2. Vishwa Patel
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All the authors make a substantial contribution to this manuscript. YV, VP, PP, MG, CG, KM, and MS participated in drafting the manuscript. YV, VP, PP, MG, CG, KM, and MS wrote the main manuscript. All the authors discussed the results and implication on the manuscript at all stages.

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Vaddoriya, Y., Patel, V., Patel, P. et al. Origin, fate, and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in groundwater bodies: a holistic review. emergent mater. 4, 1275–1294 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00268-5

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