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Polypyrrole: a reactive and functional conductive polymer for the selective electrochemical detection of heavy metals in water

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Abstract

The last two decades have witnessed attractive, innovative aspects of conductive polymers (CPs) in monitoring environmental pollution. In this regard, CP-based electrode materials were designed for the selective recognition of heavy metal ions in the environment (e.g. waste, river or tap water) or in simulated polluted environmental samples. In this review, the emphasis is on polypyrrole (PPy), an interesting electrosensing electrode material for heavy metals due to its facile preparation, versatile chemistry and physicochemical features. Indeed, health issues raised by metal ion pollutants require an urgent holistic approach for environmental problem solving. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge on the use of PPy as electrode material for the detection of heavy metals. We will report strategies of preparation of polypyrrole that exhibit selectivity towards heavy metal ions: (i) choice of dopant, (ii) functionalization of polymer backbone by chelatant groups, and (iii) preparation of ion imprinted polypyrrole. It is clear from this review that dopants could act as chelatant of metal ions and increase the selectivity. Such improvement could also be achieved by copolymerization of pyrrole with pyrrole-bearing chelatant groups (e.g. EDTA-like) or finally by the imprinting technique. The latter imparts artificial receptor sites for the recognition of metal ions combining the shape of the receptor site within the polypyrrole matrix that fit in well with the size of the metal ion, on the one hand, and the receptor site–ion interactions, on the other hand. Regardless, the method employed to design polypyrrole sensing layers for heavy metal nanostructuration seems to definitely improve the sensitivity of polypyrrole-based sensor devices. The review finishes by concluding remarks and indication of possible challenging new directions exploring polypyrrole in tracking occurrence of heavy metal ions in the environment.

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Acknowledgements

All authors gratefully thank the Cooperation and Cultural Action Service of the French Embassy in Senegal, NATO (through CATALTEX project no. SfP 984842), and Wallonie-Bruxelles International (Belgium) through “Programme de Bourses d’Excellence” for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Organique & Analyse Instrumentale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

    Momath Lo & Diariatou Gningue-Sall

  2. Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, Université Paris Est Marne La Vallée, Marne la Vallée, France

    Momath Lo & Jean-Jacques Aaron

  3. ICMPE (UMR7182), CNRS, UPEC, Université Paris Est, 94320, Thiais, France

    Momath Lo & Mohamed M. Chehimi

  4. Laboratoire Matériaux, Traitement et Analyse, INRAP, BiotechPole Sidi-Thabet, 2032, Ariana, Tunisia

    Nadia Ktari

  5. Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et Matériaux, Département de Génie des Procédés, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas, Sétif 1, Algeria

    Ahmed Madani

  6. Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril & Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia

    Snezana Efremova Aaron

  7. Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES), University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium

    Zineb Mekhalif & Joseph Delhalle

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  1. Momath Lo
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Correspondence to Mohamed M. Chehimi.

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Lo, M., Ktari, N., Gningue-Sall, D. et al. Polypyrrole: a reactive and functional conductive polymer for the selective electrochemical detection of heavy metals in water. emergent mater. 3, 815–839 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00119-9

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