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Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Review of Recent Developments in Materials and Devices for Different Potential Applications

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Abstract

The thermoelectric effect encompasses three different effects, i.e. Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect, which are considered as thermally activated materials that alter directions in smart materials. It is currently considered one of the most challenging green energy harvesting mechanisms among researchers. The ability to utilize waste thermal energy that is generated by different applications promotes the use of thermoelectric harvesters across a wide range of applications. This review illustrates the different attempts to fabricate efficient, robust and sustainable thermoelectric harvesters, considering the material selection, characterization, device fabrication and potential applications. Thermoelectric harvesters with a wide range of output power generated reaching the milliwatt range have been considered in this work, with a special focus on the main advantages and disadvantages in these devices. Additionally, this review presents various studies reported in the literature on the design and fabrication of thermoelectric harvesters and highlights their potential applications. In order to increase the efficiency of equipment and processes, the generation of thermoelectricity via thermoelectric materials is achieved through the harvesting of residual energy. The review discusses the main challenges in the fabrication process associated with thermoelectric harvester implementation, as well as the considerable advantages of the proposed devices. The use of thermoelectric harvesters in a wide range of applications where waste thermal energy is used and the impact of the thermoelectric harvesters is also highlighted in this review.

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Abbreviations

ZT:

Thermoelectric materials figure of merit

DFT:

Density-functional theory

S:

Seebeck coefficient (µV/K)

NRd-T:

Titania nanorods

NFs-T:

Titania nanoflowers

PVD:

Physical vapor deposition

FTO:

Fluorine-doped tin oxide

σ:

Electrical conductivity (kS m−1)

VTEP:

Thermoelectric voltage

TE:

Flexible thermoelectric

HOPG:

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

PEDOT:PSS:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate

PDINE:

Perylene diimide

NDINE:

Naphthalene diimide

DIPS:

Direct injection pyrolytic combination

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

SWCNTs:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

C8BTBT:

2,7-Dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene

TCNQ:

7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane

PF:

Power factor (µW mK−2)

CNTY:

Carbon nanotube yarn

TEGs:

Thermoelectric generators

MBPT:

Many-body perturbation theory

MA:

Methyl ammonium

FA:

Formamidinium

VBM:

Valence band maximum

CBM:

Conduction band minimum

TNA:

Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine

NMCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

FTEG:

Flexible thermoelectric generator

HER:

Hydrogen evolution reactions

LSV:

Linear sweep voltammetry

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Acknowledgements

AES is currently on leave from CMRDI. The authors are grateful to the British University in Egypt and BCMaterials in Spain for their support in conducting this study. AES is grateful for the National Research grants from MINECO “Juan de la Cierva” [FJCI-2018-037717].

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Author notes

  1. Mohamed Fathi Sanad and Ahmed Esmail Shalan contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. FabLab, Centre for Emerging Learning Technologies (CELT), Electrical Engineering Department, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11387, Egypt

    Mohamed Fathi Sanad & Sameh O. Abdellatif

  2. Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt

    Ahmed Esmail Shalan

  3. Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Esraa Samy Abu Serea

  4. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mina Shawky Adly

  5. BCMaterials-Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena S/N, 48940, Leioa, Spain

    Ahmed Esmail Shalan & Esraa Samy Abu Serea

  6. Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA

    Mina Shawky Adly

  7. The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA

    Md. Ariful Ahsan

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  1. Mohamed Fathi Sanad
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Sanad, M.F., Shalan, A.E., Abdellatif, S.O. et al. Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Review of Recent Developments in Materials and Devices for Different Potential Applications. Top Curr Chem (Z) 378, 48 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-020-00310-w

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