Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Management of Pediatric Sinonasal and Skull Base Lesions

  • Pediatric Allergy (JT Lee, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Allergy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of the review

Pediatric sinonasal and skull base lesions are rare and complex disorders. The safe and comprehensive management of this diverse group of pathologies requires the expertise of an experienced multidisciplinary skull base team.

Recent findings

With significant evolution and improved outcomes achieved in adult endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS), similar principles have been applied to the pediatric population. Pediatric endoscopic surgery for sinonasal and skull base tumors has therefore also evolved due to a variety of technologic and surgical advances, multidisciplinary team approaches, and continued innovation.

Summary

Pediatric sinonasal and skull base tumors require complex multidisciplinary management for optimal outcome. Detailed understanding of the sinonasal anatomy will improve surgical outcomes. The surgical approaches and techniques are dependent on the location of the lesion, the pathology, extent of disease, and surgical goals. Reconstruction following tumor extirpation follows the same principles as adult reconstruction, with the ultimate goal of achieving a watertight seal that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. Complications can be catastrophic and rely on immediate recognition and management to prevent long-term sequelae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Chivukula S, Koutourousiou M, Snyderman CH, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Gardner PA, Tyler-Kabara EC. Endosocpic endonasal skull base surgery in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg Pediatric. 2013;11(3):227–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ottenhausen M, Banu MA, Placantonakis DG, Tsiouris AJ, Khan OH, Anand VK, et al. Endoscopic endonasal resection of suprasellar meningiomas: the importance of case selection and experience in determing extent of resection, visual improvement, and complications. World Neurosurg. 2014;82(3-4):442–9.

  3. Turri-Zanoni M, Zocchi J, Lambertoni A, Giovannardi M, Karligkiotis A, Battaglia P, et al. Endosocpic endonasal reconstruction of anterior skull base defects: what factors really affect the outcomes? World Neurosurg. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.225.

  4. LoPresti MA, Sellin JN, Demonte F. Developmental considerations in pediatric skull base surgery. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):3–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Alalade AF, Oganda-Rivas E, Boatey J, Souweidane MM, Anand VK, Greenfield JP, et al. Suprasellar and recurrent pediatric craniopharyngiomas: expanding indications for the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;21(1):72–80.

  6. Banu MA, Guerrero-Maldonado A, McCrea HJ, Garcia-Navarro V, Souweidane MM, Anand VK, et al. Impact of skull base development on endonasal endoscopic surgical corridors. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;13(2):155–69.

  7. Van Wyhe RD, Chamata ES, Hollier LH. Midline craniofacial masses in children. Semin Plast Surg. 2016;30(4):176–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Zapata S, Kearns DB. Nasal dermoids. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;14:406–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hedlund G. Congenital frontonasal masses: developmental anatomy, malformations, and MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:647–62 [quiz: 726–7].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Szeremeta W, Parikh TD, Widelitz JS. Congenital nasal malformations. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2007;40:97–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fornadley JA, Tami TA. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the nasal dermoid sinus-cyst. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;101:397–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pinheiro-Neto CD, Snyderman CH, Fernandez-Miranda J, et al. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for nasal dermoids. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2011;44:981–7ix.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rahbar R, Shah P, Mulliken JB. The presentation and management of nasal dermoid: a 30-year experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:464–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rohrich RJ, Lowe JM, Schwartz MR. The role of open rhinoplasty in the management of nasal dermoid cysts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1459–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Skedros DG, Cass SP, Hirsch BE, Kelly RH. Beta-2 transferrin assay in clinical management of cerebral spinal fluid and perilymphatic fluid leaks. J Otolaryngol. 1993;22(5):341–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ma J, Huang Q, Li X, Huang D, Xian J, Cui S, et al. Endoscopic transnasal repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks with and without an encephalocele in pediatric patients: from infants to children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(9):1493–8.

  17. Zeinalizadeh M, Sadrehosseini SM, Habibi Z, Nejat F, Silva HB, Singh H. Endonasal management of pediatric congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles: nuances of a modified reconstruction technique. Technical note and report of 3 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017;19(3):312–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Keshri AK, Shah SR, Patadia SD, Sahu RN, Behari S. Transnasal endoscopic repair of pediatric meningoencephalocele. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2016;11(1):42–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Gump WC. Endoscopic endonasal repair of congenital defects of the anterior skull base: Developmental considerations and surgical outcomes. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2015;76(4):291–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Rahbar R, Resto VA, Robson CD. Nasal glioma and encephalocele: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(12):2069–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Patterson K, Kapur S, Chandra RS. Nasal gliomas and related brain heteropias: a pathologist’s perspective. Pediatr Pathol. 1986;5(3-4):353–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu Z, Wang D, Sun X, Wang J, Li H, Dai P. The site of origin and expansive routes of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(9):1088–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Snyderman CH, Pant H, Carrau RL, et al. A new endoscopic staging system for angiofibromas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136:588–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Radkowski D, McGill T, Healy GB, et al. Angiofibroma. Changes in staging and treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:122–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee DA, Rao RB, Meyer JS, Prioleau PG, Bauer WC. Hormonal receptor determination in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. Cancer. 1980;46:547–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Riggs S, Orlandi RR. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma recurrence associated with exogenous testosterone therapy. Head Neck. 2010;32:812–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ponti G, Losi L, Pellacani G, et al. Wnt pathway, angiogenetic and hormonal markers in sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-associated juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA). Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2008;16:173–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Thakar A, Gupta G, Bhalla AS, et al. Adjuvant therapy with flutamide for presurgical volume reduction in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Head Neck. 2011;33:1747–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Saylam G, Yücel OT, Sungur A, Onerci M. Proliferation, angiogenesis and hormonal markers in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:227–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. • Rowan NR, Zwagerman NT, Heft-Neal ME, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: a comparison of modern staging systems in an endoscopic era. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2017;78(1):63–7 Updated staging system for JNAs that examines important pre-operative characteristics leading to residual disease and/or planned staged operations.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Reilly BK, Kim A, Pena MT, Dong TA, Rossi C, Murnick JG, et al. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children: review and update. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(9):1477–83.

  32. Chung SY, Unsal AA, Kilic S, Baredes S, Liu JK, Eloy JA. Pediatric sinonasal malignancies: a population-based analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;98:97–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Thompson CF, Kim BJ, Lai C, Grogan T, Elashoff D, St John MA, et al. Sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: prognostic factors and treatment outcomes. Inf Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(8):678–83.

  34. Haubler SM, Stromberger C, Olze H, Seifert G, Knopke S, Bottcher A. Head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma in children: a 20-year retrospective study at a tertiary referral center. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144(2):371–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Yang A, Wickremesekera A, Parker A, Davis C. Surgical management of craniofacial and skull base rhabdomyosarcomas. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(5):1388–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Perry A, Graffeo CS, Marcellino C, Pollock BE, Wetjen NM, Meyer FB. Pediatric pituitary adenoma: case series, review of the literature, and a skull base treatment paradigm. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):91–114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Hanba C, Svider PF, Shkoukani MA, Sheyn A, Jacob JT, Eloy JA, et al. Pediatric pituitary resection: characterizing surgical approaches and complications. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7(1):72–9.

  38. Zada G, Ditty B, McNatt SA, McComb JG, Krieger MD. Surgical treatment of Rathke cleft cysts in children. Neurosurgery. 2009;64(6):1132–7author reply 1137-1138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Byun WM, Kim OL, Kim D. MR Imaging findings of rathke’s cleft cysts: significance of intracystic nodules. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(3):485–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Lim HH, Yang SW. Risk factor for pituitary dysfunction in children and adolescents with Rathke’s cleft cysts. Korean J Pediatr. 2010;53(7):759–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim E. Symptomatic Rathke cleft cyst: clinical features and surgical outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2012;78(5):527–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kuan EC, Yoo F, Chyu J, Bergseider M, Wang MB. Treatment outcomes of Rathke’s Cleft Cysts managed with marsupialization. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2017;78(2):112–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jahangiri A, Molinaro AM, Tarapore PE, et al. Rathke cleft cysts in pediatric patients: presentation, surgical management, and postoperative outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;31(1):E3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bunin GR, Surawicz TS, Witman PA, Preston-Martin S, Davis F, Bruner JM. The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:547–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fernandez-Miranda JC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Devaney KO, Strojan P, Suarez C, et al. Craniopharyngioma: a pathologic, clinical and surgical review. Head Neck. 2012Jul;34(7):1036–44.

  46. Yamada S, Fukuhara N, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Nishioka H, Takeshita A, Takeuchi Y, et al. Therapeutic outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery in pediatric patients with craniopharyngiomas: a single-center study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;30:1–14 Gross total resection is more likely in primary surgery with lower likelihood for recurrence. Postoperative CSF leak is more likely in repeat surgery patients.

  47. Patel VS, Thamboo A, Quon J, Nayak JV, Hwang PH, Edwards M, et al. Outcomes after endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas in the pediatric population. World Neurosurgery. 2017;108:6–14.

  48. Alalade AF, Oganda-Rivas E, Boatey J, Souweidane MM, Anand VK, Greenfield JP, et al. Suprasellar and recurrent pediatric craniopharyngiomas: expanding indications for the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;21(1):72–80.

  49. Merchant TE, Kiehna EN, Sanford RA, Mulhern RK, Thompson SJ, Wilson MW, et al. Craniopharyngioma: the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience 1984-2001. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53(3):533–42.

  50. Graffeo CS, Perry A, Link MJ, Daniels DJ. Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: a primer for the skull base surgeon. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):65–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Mohyeldin A, Prevedello DM, Jamshidi AO, Ditzel Filho LF, Carrau RL. Nuances in the treatment of malignant tumors of the clival and retroclival region. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;18(Suppl 2):S157–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Campbell RG, Prevedello DM, Ditzel Filho L, Otto BA, Carrau RL. Contemporary management of clival chordomas. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;23:153–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rassi MS, Hulou MM, Almefty K, Bi WL, Pravdenkova S, Dunn IF, et al. Pediatric clival chordoma: a curable disease that conforms to Collins’ Law. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(5):652–60.

  54. Bilginer B, Turk CC, Narin F, Hanalioglu S, Oguz KK, Ozgen B, et al. Enigmatic entity in childhood: clival chordoma from a tertiary center’s perspective. Acta Neurochir. 2015;157(9):1587–93.

  55. Tsitouras V, Wang S, Dirks P, Drake J, Bouffet E, Hawkins C, et al. Management and outcomes of chordomas in the pediatric populations: the Hospital for Sick Children experience and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;34:169–76.

  56. Stapleton AL, Tyler-Kabara EC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Wang EW. Risk factors for cerebrospinal fluid leak in pediatric patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;93:163–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wilson M, Snyderman C. Fibro-Osseous lesions of the skull base in pediatric population. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):31–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Stapleton AL, Tyler-Kabara EC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for benign fibro-osseous lesions of the pediatric skull base. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(9):2199–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ishii T, Sakamoto Y, Miwa T, Yoshida K, Kishi K. A giant osteoma of the ethmoid sinus. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29(3):661–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Carter J, Winters R, Yang C, St Hilaire H, Rodriguez K. Juvenile ossifying fibroma of the middle turbinate. J La State Med Soc. 2014;166(3):100–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kim DY, Lee OH, Choi GC, Cho JH. A case of juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma on skull base. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29(5):e497–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wang M, Zhou B, Cui S, Li Y. Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma in paranasal sinus and skull base. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017;137(7):743–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Duek I, Pener-Tessler A, Yanko-Arzi R, Zaretski A, Abergel A, Safadi A, et al. Skull base reconstruction in the pediatric patient. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):81–90.

  64. Marks SC. Middle turbinate graft for repair of cerebral spinal fluid leaks. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12(6):417–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ting JY, Metson R. Free graft techniques in skull base reconstruction. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;74:33–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ziu M, Jimenez DF. The history of autologous fat graft use for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after transsphenoidal approaches. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(5):554–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wormald PJ, McDonogh M. The bath-plug closure of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Am J Rhinol. 2003;17(5):299–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hadad G, Bassagasteguy L, Carrau RL, et al. A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(10):1882–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nyquist GG, Anand VK, Singh A, Schwartz TH. Janus flap: bilateral nasoseptal flaps for anterior skull base reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142(3):327–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Upadhyay S, Buohliqah L, Dolci RLL, Otto BA, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL. Periodic olfactory assessment in patients undergoing skull base surgery with preservation of the olfactory strip. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(9):1970–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Verillaud B, Genty E, Leboulanger N, Zerah M, Garabedian EN, Roger G. Mucocele after transnasal endoscopic repair of traumatic anterior skull base fistula in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(9):1137–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Purcell PL, Shinn JR, Otto RK, Davis GE, Parikh SR. Nasoseptal flap reconstruction of pediatric sellar defects: a radiographic feasibility study and case series. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;152(4):746–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ghosh A, Hatten K, Learned KO, Rizzi MD, Lee JY, Storm PB, et al. Pediatric nasoseptal flap reconstruction for suprasellar approaches. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(11):2451–6 Nasoseptal flap is a viable option for pediatric skull base reconstruction, providing adequate length and width.

  74. Ben-Ari O, Wengier A, Ringel B, Carmel Neiderman NN, Ram Z, Margalit N, et al. Nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction in children. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2018;79(1):37–41 Nasoseptal flap can be utilized for skull base reconstruction and does not appear to alter facial growth.

  75. Prevedello DM, Barges-Coll J, Fernandez-Miranda JC, et al. Middle turbinate flap for skull base reconstruction: cadaveric feasibility study. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2094–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Patel MR, Shah RN, Snyderman CH, et al. Pericranial flap for endoscopic anterior skull-base reconstruction: clinical outcomes and radioanatomic analysis of preoperative planning. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(3):506–12discussion 512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fortes FS, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, et al. Transpterygoid transposition of a temporoparietal fascia flap: a new method for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(6):970–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Garcia-Navarro V, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Gasket seal closure for extended endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: efficacy in a large case series. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(5):563–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Luginbuhl AJ, Campbell PG, Evans J, Rosen M. Endoscopic repair of high-flow cranial base defects using a bilayer button. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(5):876–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Greenfield JP, Anand VK, Kacker A, et al. Endoscopic endonasal transethmoidal transcribriform transfovea ethmoidalis approach to the anterior cranial fossa and skull base. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(5):883–92discussion 892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tabaee A, Anand VK, Barron Y, Hiltzik DH, Brown SM, Kacker A, et al. Schwartz TH: predictors of short-term outcomes following endoscopic pituitary surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009;111:119–22.

  82. Nemergut EC, Zuo Z, Jane J, Laws ER. Predictors of diabetes insipidus after transsphenoidal surgery: a review of 881 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:448–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kiran Z, Sheikh A, Momin SN, Majeed I, Awan S, Rashid O, et al. Sodium and water imbalance after sellar, suprasellar, and parasellar surgery. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(3):309–17.

  84. Sorva R. Children with craniopharygioma: early growth failure and rapid postoperative weight gain. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77(4):587–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Curtis J, Daneman D, Hoffman HJ, Erlich RM. The endocrine outcome after surgical removal of craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1994;21(suppl 1):24–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Alalade AF, Oganda-Rivas E, Boatey J, Souweidane MM, Anand VK, Greenfield JP, et al. Suprasellar and recurrent pediatric craniopharyngiomas: expanding indications for the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;21(1):72–80.

  87. Vaz-Guimaraes F, Su SY, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Wang E, Synderman CH, Gardner P. Hemostasis in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. J Neurol Surg B. 2015;76:296–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Gardner PA, Tormenti MJ, Pant H, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Snyderman CH, Horowitz MB. Carotid artery injury during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: incidence and outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2013;72:261–9.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Romero DCB, Gangadharan JL, Gobin YP, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Managing arterial injury in endoscopic skull base surgery. Case series and review of the literature. Operative. Neurosurgery. 2017;13(1):138–49.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Banu MA, Szentirmai O, Mascarenhas L, Al Amin S, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Pneumocephalus patterns following endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery as predictors of post-operative CSF leak. J Neurosurg. 2014;4:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Naunheim MR, Sedaghat AR, Lin DT, Bleier BS, Holbrook EH, Curry WT, et al. Immediate and delayed complications following endoscopic skull base surgery. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2015Sep;76(5):390–6.

  92. Brown SM, Anand VK, Tabaee A, Schwartz TH. Role of perioperative antibiotics in endoscopic skull base surgery. Laryngoscope. 2007Sep;117(9):1528–32.

  93. Nyquist GG, Friedel ME, Singhal S, Beahm DD, Farrell CJ, Evans JJ, et al. Surgical management of rhinosinusitis in endoscopic-endonasal skull-base surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(4):339–43.

  94. Bedrosian JC, McCoul ED, Raithatha R, Akselrod OA, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. A prospective study of postoperative symptoms in sinonasal quality of life following endoscopic skull-base surgery: dissociations based on specific symptoms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3:664–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital – Columbia University Medical Center, 180 Fort Washington Ave, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Charles A. Riley MD, Christian P. Soneru MD & David A. Gudis MD

  2. Department of Neurological Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital – Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Marc L. Otten MD

Authors
  1. Charles A. Riley MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christian P. Soneru MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marc L. Otten MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David A. Gudis MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A. Gudis MD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Charles A. Riley declares that he has no conflict of interest. Christian P. Soneru declares that he has no conflict of interest. Marc L. Otten declares that he has no conflict of interest. David A. Gudis declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Human and animal rights and informed consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Pediatric Allergy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Riley, C.A., Soneru, C.P., Otten, M.L. et al. Management of Pediatric Sinonasal and Skull Base Lesions. Curr Treat Options Allergy 6, 253–271 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-019-00216-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-019-00216-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation