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Determination of migrated phthalic acid residues into edible oils using a green mode of air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector

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Abstract

In this study, for the first time, an organic solvent-free air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method has been reported for the extraction and preconcentration of phthalic acids (o-phthalic acid, m-phthalic acid, and p-phthalic acid) from edible oil samples. The method is based on the repeated aspirating/injection of an alkaline aqueous solution and the oil sample mixture in a conical bottom centrifuge tube to form a cloudy solution. After phase separation by centrifuging, the sedimented phase is directly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed low limits of detection and quantification between 0.11–0.29 and 0.28–0.91 ng mL−1, respectively. Extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were from 81 to 97% and 406 to 489, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the analysis of 5 ng mL−1 of each analyte were less than 5.9% for intraday (n = 6) and interday (n = 5) precisions. Finally, different oil samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method and m-phthalic acid, and p-phthalic acid were determined in some of them at ng mL−1 level.

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Abbreviations

AALLME:

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

CPE:

Cloud point extraction

DMT:

Dimethyl terephthalate

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

EG:

Ethylene glycol

EF:

Enrichment factor

HF-LPME:

Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction

HLLE:

Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction

HPLC–DAD:

High-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

LPME:

Liquid-phase microextraction

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

SDME:

Single-drop microextraction

UAEME:

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction

VALLME:

Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Research Council of University of Tabriz for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam & Behruz Feriduni

  2. Food and Drug Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Ali Akbar Alizadeh

Authors
  1. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  2. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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  3. Behruz Feriduni
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  4. Ali Akbar Alizadeh
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Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Farajzadeh, M.A., Afshar Mogaddam, M.R., Feriduni, B. et al. Determination of migrated phthalic acid residues into edible oils using a green mode of air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector. J IRAN CHEM SOC 14, 551–559 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-1003-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-1003-y

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