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Potential of Nanotechnology for Rural Applications

  • Review-Mechanical Engineering
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Abstract

Nearly half of the global populations live in rural area. For the developing country like India, this figure is nearly 70% of the mass population. Currently, major challenges faced by the rural community are lack of clean water, food, good health, energy, stable economy and environment. Nanotechnology and nanoscale materials have the potential for the solutions of many significant challenges faced by our society. This review paper summarized some of the most promising and important nanotechnology applications in agriculture and food, clean water, energy, environment, human health and other consumer products. The review has been concluded with the potential risks of nanomaterials, technical and financial challenges for the implementation of nanotechnology in the rural community developments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research, Kolkata, FC Block, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700106, India

    Subrata Mondal

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Glossary

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is defined as manipulation or control of materials in the nanoscale region with at least one dimension typically in the range of less than or equal to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology studies the materials at atomic, and molecular scales, where properties of the material differ significantly from those of bulk materials

Nanomaterials

A nanomaterial has at least one dimension in the nano scale region i.e. typically less than one hundred nanometre

Nanoencapsulation

Nanoencapsulation is an important process for the formation of nanostructured materials. The process involves entrapping core of solid particle or liquid droplet by a solid or liquid shell generally, made of another material with a dimension typically less than or equal to 100 nm

Self-assembly

Components either separately or linked spontaneously to form ordered structure in self-assembly process. The interactions in self-assembly process usually are noncovalent, coordination interactions and solvophobic effects. Intermolecular forces keep the spontaneous arrangement of molecules into a stable and precise cluster of nano structure. Self-assembly process leads to the development of spontaneous complex nanostructures cluster in a diverse range of interdisciplinary fields ranging from materials science, physics, chemistry to molecular biology

Nanoemulsion

Nano emulsions are nano sized emulsions with improved colloidal stability of suspension due to the thermodynamically stable isotropic system. In nano emulsion two immiscible liquids are mixed together to form a homogeneous single phase by means of an emulsifying agent and the size of droplets typically less than 100 nm. Nano emulsion differ from the micro emulsion in the size and shape of particles which are dispersed in the continuous phase

Nanofertilizer

A nano fertilizer can be defined as products which could delivers micronutrients to the plants/crops by nanosized packs (viz. nanoemulsion, nanoencapsulated products etc.) which coated with thin protective coatings. The nano fertilizers release the micronutrients on demand, hence, reduces the losses of useful components by hindering them to prematurely converting into chemical/gaseous forms

Nano smart pesticide

Nano smart pesticide provides better penetration of active ingredient to the pest affected tissues by constant and slow release of active ingredients and this will avoid phytotoxicity on the crop using systemic herbicides against parasitic weeds

Nanobiosensors

Biosensors are devices which has the ability of biological interaction to specifically detect target analytes. Nanobiosensors combine with novel technologies in molecular biology microfluidics and nanomaterials

Electromechanical nanosensor

Nanotechnology based electromechanical sensors can be prepared by coating of water sensitive nanopolymer on micromachined microelectromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever beams and system can be used for sensing of moisture and temperature.

Optical nanosensors

Optical nanosensors are work in the principle of changes in the surface properties of a sensor chip once the analyte is bound to a sensing layer by sorption or complex formation of the receptor target couple. Different chemical-physical phenomena viz. absorption fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are used for various optical bio nanosensors

Electrochemical biosensor

Electrochemical biosensor can provides the specific quantitative or semi quantitative analytical information by using a biological-recognition element and this is in direct spatial contact with an electrochemical transduction element. Potentiometric amperometric, voltammetric and impedance are various types of electrochemical biosensors. Potential across the interface is measured by potentiometric sensors which are zero current devices

Liposomes

Liposomes are sphere shaped vesicles having one or more lipid bilayer. Liposomes are used to deliver microscopic substances of drugs nutrients etc. to the cells

Micelles

Micelles are spherical cluster of atoms ions or molecules, which forming an equilibrium colloidal dimensions. Micelles can be formed in aqueous media by self-assembly of either amphiphilic or charged molecules

Intelligent nano packaging

Nanotechnology allows materials scientists to tailor the structure of packaging materials on a molecular scale to provide multi-functional properties to packaging to improve food quality and safety. Intelligent nano-packaging acts as a passive barrier as well as interacts with the foods in some desirable way such as releasing useful compounds e.g. antimicrobial or antioxidant agents on demand, or by removing some detrimental components such as oxygen or water vapour

Eugenol (EG)

Eugenol is extracted from plants with few functional properties such as antibacterial antifungal and antioxidant. In presence of oxygen, light, and heat, the Eugenol is quite susceptible to degradation

Nanomembrane

Nanomembranes can be defined as the membrane material which separates liquids or gasses at the molecular level. Nanomembrane can be synthetic structure with thickness below 100 nm or pore size below 100 nm.

Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is the application of nano structured materials in medical fields. Nanomedicine applies theory and tools of nanotechnology for the deceases detection prevention and diagnosis

Nanosafety

Nanosafety deals with impact of nanomaterials for the potential exposure of environmental, toxicological aspects.

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Mondal, S. Potential of Nanotechnology for Rural Applications. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 5011–5042 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04332-5

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