Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Karst biogeochemistry in China: past, present and future

  • International Viewpoint and News
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The dissolution and deposition processes of carbonate rock, called CO2–water–carbonate rock interaction, are controlled by complex interactions among the biosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. The interactions between biogenic activity and the CO2–water–carbonate rock system (dissolution and precipitation of carbonate rocks, element cycles and so forth) had been named karst biogeochemistry. In order to reveal their internal control mechanism over space and time, Chinese researchers undertook an in-depth exploration of their interrelationships. The main results of karst biogeochemistry in China can be summarized as follows: (i) biogenic activity plays an important role in regulating dissolution and precipitation of carbonate rocks; (ii) biogenic metabolic effects are involved in the positive or negative modulation of δ13C, δ15N and the cycling of other elements; (iii) CO2 exchange during carbonate rock dissolution and precipitation, which is mainly due to photosynthesis, results in the accumulation of organic matter; and (iv) primary karst biogeochemistry models have been established to evaluate carbon and nitrogen cycling. In addition to these findings, future studies should increasingly focus on the following topics: (i) the apparent stability and transformation of dissolved organic carbon caused by microbial activities need to be clarified; (ii) the temporal-spatial scales of microbial biomineralization and the accompanying variances of karst biogeochemical cycles should be investigated to comprehensively understand the transformations and transport of substrates from biological activity in the CO2–water–carbonate rock system; (iii) regional-global scale models on karst biogeochemical cycles should be developed for the study of large/small-scale spatial and temporal variance on karst biogeochemical cycles; (iv) new advanced techniques and methods are required and should be applied for the karst studies involving mathematics, hydrochemistry, isotope chemistry, geology, biology and so forth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Modified after Yuan (1993)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Modified after Liu et al. (2010b)

Fig. 5
Fig. 6

References

  • Aloisi F, Pujol-Borrell R (2006) Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 6(3):205–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrieta JM, Mayol E, Hansman RL, Herndl GJ, Dittmar T, Duarte CM (2015) Dilution limits dissolved organic carbon utilization in the deep ocean. Science 348(6232):331–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA (1992) Weathering, plants, and the long-term carbon cycle. Geochim Cosmochim AC 56(8):3225–3231

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner RA, Kothavala Z (2001) GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Am J Sci 301(2):182–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Beven KJ, Binley A (1992) The future of distributed models: model calibration and uncertainty prediction. Hydrol Process 6:279–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Bindschedler S, Cailleau G, Verrecchia E (2016) Role of fungi in the biomineralization of calcite. Minerals 6(2):41

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookfield AE, Macpherson GL, Covington MD (2017) Effects of changing meteoric precipitation patterns on groundwater temperature in karst environments. Groundwater 55(2):227–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Cangemi M, Censi P, Reimer A, D’Alessandro W, Hause-Reitner D, Madonia P, Reitner J (2016) Carbonate precipitation in the alkaline lake Specchio di Venere (Pantelleria Island, Italy) and the possible role of microbial mats. Appl Geochem 67:168–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao JH (2012) Carbon fluxes and sinks: the consumption of atmospheric and soil CO2 by carbonate rock dissolution. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed) 86(4):963–972

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao JH, Wang FX (1996) Observations on fractal characters between karst macromorphology and biokarst micromorphology in the Guilin area. J Nanjing Univ Nat Sci Ed 32:145–155 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao JH, Wang FX (1998a) Relationships of biokarst microforms of algae and lichens and the terrestrial environment. Geol Rev 44(6):656–661 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao JH, Wang FX (1998b) Reform of carbonate rock subsurface by Crustose Lichens and its environmental significance. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed) 72(1):94–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao JH, Wang FX, Huang JF, Huang JF, Wang J (1993) The erosion action of biokarst on limestone in Guilin area. Carsol Sin 12(1):14–25 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Castanier S, Le Métayer-Levrel G, Perthuisot JP (1999) Ca-carbonates precipitation and limestone genesis—the microbiogeologist point of view. Sedim Geol 126(1):9–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavendish H (1767) Experiments on rathbone-place water: by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, FRS. Philos Trans 57:92–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng H, Spötl C, Breitenbach SF, Sinha A, Wassenburg JA, Jochum KP, Lv Y (2016) Climate variations of central Asia on orbital to millennial timescales. Sci Rep 6:36975

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarholm M, Skyllberg U, Rosling A (2015) Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter–the unbutton model. Soil Biol Biochem 84:168–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Curl RL (2012) Carbon shifted but not sequestered. Science 335(6069):655

    Google Scholar 

  • Davy H (1813) Some experiments and observations on the substances produced in different chemical processes on fluor spar. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 103:263–279

    Google Scholar 

  • De Montety V, Martin JB, Cohen MJ, Foster C, Kurz MJ (2011) Influence of diel biogeochemical cycles on carbonate equilibrium in a karst river. Chem Geol 283(1):31–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean WE (1981) Carbonate minerals and organic matter in sediments of modern north temperate hard-water lakes. In: Ethridge FG, Flores RM (eds) Recent and ancient nonmarine depositional environments: models for exploration. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Oklahoma

    Google Scholar 

  • Deines P, Langmuir D, Harmon RS (1974) Stable carbon isotope ratios and the existence of a gas phase in the evolution of carbonate ground waters. Geochim Cosmochim AC 38(7):1147–1164

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittrich M, Obst M (2004) Are picoplankton responsible for calcite precipitation in lakes? Am J Hum Environ 33(8):559–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreybrodt W (1996) Principles of early development of karst conduits under natural and man-made conditions revealed by mathematical analysis of numerical models. Water Resour Res 32(9):2923–2935

    Google Scholar 

  • Elser JJ, Urabe J (1999) The stoichiometry of consumer-driven nutrient recycling: theory, observations, and consequences. Ecology 80(3):735–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Elser JJ, Nagy JD, Kuang Y (2003) Biological stoichiometry: an ecological perspective on tumor dynamics. Bioscience 53(11):1112–1120

    Google Scholar 

  • Entekhabi D, Eagleson PS (1989) Land surface hydrology parameterization for atmospheric general circulation models including subgrid scale spatial variability. J Clim 2(8):816–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski PG, Fenchel T, Delong EF (2008) The microbial engines that drive Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Science 320(5879):1034–1039

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Gundersen P, Zhang W, Zhou G, Christiansen JR, Mo J, Zhang T (2009) Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O, CO2 and CH4 along a slope of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern China. Plant Soil 319(1–2):37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu HL, Han FS, Zhou XL, Liu ZF (1989) Algae in the Sichuan Huanglong travertine. Resour Dev Mark 5(3):40–41 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao ZX (1936) On karst topography. Geol Rev 1(4):437–450 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Giltrap DL, Li C, Saggar S (2010) DNDC: a process-based model of greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural soils. Agric Ecosyst Environ 136(3):292–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman AL, Underwood GM, Grassian VH (2000) A laboratory study of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles. J Geophys Res Atmos 16(105):29053–29064

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray CJ, Engel AS (2013) Microbial diversity and impact on carbonate geochemistry across a changing geochemical gradient in a karst aquifer. ISME J 7(2):325–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunina A, Dippold M, Glaser B, Kuzyakov Y (2017) Turnover of microbial groups and cell components in soil: 13C analysis of cellular biomarkers. Biogeosciences 14(2):271

    Google Scholar 

  • Han G, Liu CQ (2004) Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution: a study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain, Guizhou province, China. Chem Geol 204(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Han G, Liu CQ (2007) Dissolved rare earth elements in river waters draining karst terrains in Guizhou province, China. Aquat Geochem 13(1):95–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatano R, Shinano T, Taigen Z, Okubo M, Zuowei L (2002) Nitrogen budgets and environmental capacity in farm systems in a large-scale karst region, southern China. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 63(2–3):139–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou W, Lian B, Zhang X (2011) CO2 mineralization induced by fungal nitrate assimilation. Bioresour Technol 102(2):1562–1566

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu N, Li H, Tang Z, Li Z, Li G, Jiang Y, Lou Y (2016) Community size, activity and C: N stoichiometry of soil microorganisms following reforestation in a karst region. Eur J Soil Biol 73:77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang ZC (1997) Element migration in karst geochemical processes of the dolomite in Nongla, Guangxi. Carsol Sin 16(4):304–313 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang ZC, Yuan DX (1999) CO2 source-sink in karst processes in karst areas of China. Episodes 22(1):33–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Hu Y, Schirmer M (2013) Biogeochemical controls on daily cycling of hydrochemistry and δ 13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in a karst spring-fed pool. J Hydrol 478:157–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang ZC, Lian YQ, Qin XQ (2014) Rocky desertification in southwest China: impacts, causes, and restoration. Earth-Sci Rev 132:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiao N, Legendre L, Robinson C, Thomas H, Luo YW, Dang H, Li C (2015) Comment on “Dilution limits dissolved organic carbon utilization in the deep ocean”. Science 350(6267):1483

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang M, Wang J, Huang H (2015) Nitrogen limitation as a driver of genome size evolution in a group of karst plants. Sci Rep 5:11636

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerselman W, Meuleman AF (1996) The vegetation N:P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation. J Appl Ecol, pp 1441–1450

    Google Scholar 

  • Küsel K, Totsche KU, Trumbore SE, Lehmann R, Steinhäuser C, Herrmann M (2016) How deep can surface signals be traced in the critical zone? Merging biodiversity with biogeochemistry research in a central German Muschelkalk landscape. Front Earth Sci 4:32

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee ES, Krothe NC (2001) A four-component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in south-central Indiana, USA. Using solute concentration and stable isotopes as tracers. Chem Geol 179(1):129–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Li ZB (1987) Impact of soil organisms on karst development. J Hengyang Norm Univ 2:16–21 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q (2010) Modern calcite-precipitating experiment of algae and isotope imbalance. Carbonate Evaporite 25(2):127–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Sun HL, He SY, Jiang GX, Wu KY, Wang JL (2005a) Recovery of the phytodiversity and its water-gas effect in the Guilin karst experimental site. Trop Geogr 25(1):5–9 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Yu LJ, Yuan DX, WuY Zeng XD (2005b) A study of the activity and ecological significance of carbonic anhydrase from soil and its microbes from different karst ecosystems of southwest China. Plant Soil 272(1):133–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Yu LJ, Wu Y, Jia LP, Yuan DX (2007a) Enhancement of Ca2+ release from limestone by microbial extracellular carbonic anhydrase. Bioresour Technol 98(4):950–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Li ZP, Han FX, Su Y, Zhang TL, Sun B, Monts DL, Plodinec MJ (2007b) Assessment of soil organic and carbonate carbon storage in China. Geoderma 138(1):119–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Cao J, Yu L (2008a) Biogeochemical effect of karst soil on the element contents in the leaves of two species of Flos Lonicerae. Plant Soil Environ 54(11):486–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Li SL, Liu CQ, Lang YC, Tao F, Zhao Z, Zhou Z (2008b) Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry and anthropogenic impacts on karst ground water, Zunyi, Southwest China. Aquat Geochem 14(3):211–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Sun HL, Wang JL (2010a) Hydrochemical response of epikarst spring to rainfall: implications of nutrition element loss and groundwater pollution. Pol J Environ Stud 19(2):441–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Li SL, Liu CQ, Li J, Lang YC, Ding H, Li L (2010b) Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon and carbonate weathering in a small typical karstic catchment of Southwest China: isotopic and chemical constraints. Chem Geol 277(3):301–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, He Y, Cao J, Liang J, Zhu M (2011a) The plant carbonic anhydrase at karst area and its ecological effects. Ecol Environ Sci 20(12):1867–1871 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Liu LP, Zhou PP, Cao L, Yu LJ, Jiang SY (2011b) Calcite precipitation induced by bacteria and bacterially produced carbonic anhydrase. Curr Sci 100(4):502–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Chen X, Liu X, Zhou L, Yang X (2012a) Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou province, China. Front Env Sci Eng 6(2):195–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Wu J, Liu S, Shen J, Huang D, Su Y, Syers JK (2012b) Is the C: N: P stoichiometry in soil and soil microbial biomass related to the landscape and land use in southern subtropical China? Glob Biogeochem Cy 26(4):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Wang H, Jin Z, Xiong W, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu C (2015) The carbon isotope fractionation in the atmosphere–soil–spring system associated with CO2-fixation bacteria at Yaji karst experimental site in Guilin, SW China. Environ Earth Sci 74(6):5393–5401

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, He Y, Li Z (2017a) The promoting effect of soil carbonic anhydrase on the limestone dissolution rate in SW China. Carbonate Evaporite 32(2):147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Song A, Peng W, Jin Z, Müller WE, Wang X (2017b) Contribution of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to total organic carbon pool in aquatic system of subtropical karst catchments, Southwest China: evidence from hydrochemical and microbiological study. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 93:fix065

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH (2001) Role of carbonic anhydrase as an activator in carbonate rock dissolution and its implication for atmospheric CO2 sink. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed) 75(3):275–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Zhao JB (2000) Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink. Environ Geol 39(9):1053–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Yuan DX, He SY (1997) Stable carbon isotope geochemical and hydrochemical features in the system of carbonate–H2O–CO2 and their implications—evidence from several typical karst areas of China. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed) 71(4):446–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Li Q, Sun HL, Liao CJ, Li HJ, Wang JL, Wu KY (2006) Diurnal variations of hydrochemistry in a travertine-depositing stream at Baishuitai, Yunnan, SW China. Aquat Geochem 12(2):103–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Dreybrodt W, Wang HJ (2008a) A possible important CO2 sink by the global water cycle. Chin Sci Bull 53(3):402–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Liu XL, Liao CJ (2008b) Daytime deposition and nighttime dissolution of calcium carbonate controlled by submerged plants in a karst spring-fed pool: insights from high time-resolution monitoring of physico-chemistry of water. Environ Geol 55(6):1159–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, He Y, Sun H (2010a) Experimental study on the utilization of DIC by Oocystissolitaria Wittr and its influence on the precipitation of calcium carbonate in karst and non-karst waters. Carbonate Evaporate 25(1):21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Dreybrodt W, Wang HJ (2010b) A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2 budget: considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution, the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms. Earth-Sci Rev 99(3):162–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Liu C, Wang S, Guo K, Yang J, Zhang X, Li G (2013) Organic carbon storage in four ecosystem types in the karst region of southwestern China. PLoS One 8(2):e56443

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Liu Y, Guo K, Wang S, Yang Y (2014) Concentrations and resorption patterns of 13 nutrients in different plant functional types in the karst region of south-western China. Ann Bot 113(5):873–885

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZH, Zhao M, Sun HL, Yang R, Chen B, Yang M, Zeng HT (2017) “Old” carbon entering the south China sea from the carbonate-rich pearl river basin: coupled action of carbonate weathering and aquatic photosynthesis. Appl Geochem 78:96–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancinelli RL, McKay CP (1983) Effects of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide on bacterial growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 46(1):198–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe SJ, Stelzer RS, Forman MR, Harpole WS, Daufresne T, Yoshida T (2005) Recent advances in ecological stoichiometry: insights for population and community ecology. Oikos 109(1):29–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer RJ, Coleman ML (1997) Microbial influence on the oxygen isotopic composition of diagenetic siderite. Geochim Cosmochim AC 61(8):1705–1711

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Melillo JM, McGuire AD, Kicklighter DW, Pitelka LF, Hibbard K, Schimel DS (1998) Modeled responses of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO2: a comparison of simulations by the biogeochemistry models of the vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project (VEMAP). Oecologia 114(3):389–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan F, Zhang W, Liu S, Li D, Wang K (2015) Leaf N:P stoichiometry across plant functional groups in the karst region of southwestern China. Trees 29(3):883–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan F, Liang Y, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang K (2016) Enhanced nitrogen availability in karst ecosystems by oxalic acid release in the rhizosphere. Front Plant Sci 7(687):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff F (1872) Beiträge zur Experimentalgeologie. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 1:401–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Piao HC, Wu YY, Hong YT, Yuan ZY (2000) Soil-released carbon dioxide from microbial biomass carbon in the cultivated soils of karst areas of southwest China. Biol Fert Soils 31(5):422–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Railsback LB, Akers PD, Wang L, Holdridge GA, Voarintsoa NR (2013) Layer-bounding surfaces in stalagmites as keys to better paleoclimatological histories and chronologies. Int J Speleol 42(3):167–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravbar N (2003) The earliest Chinese karstologist Xu Xiake. Acta Carsol 32(1):243–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiners WA (1986) Complementary models for ecosystems. AM Nat 127(1):59–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider D, Reimer A, Hahlbrock A, Arp G, Daniel R (2015) Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of bacterial communities derived from a calcifying karst water creek biofilm and tufa. Geomicrobiol J 32(3–4):316–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz S, Brankatschk R, Dümig A, Kögel-Knabner I, Schloter M, Zeyer J (2013) The role of microorganisms at different stages of ecosystem development for soil formation. Biogeosciences 10(6):3983–3996

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwalbach MS, Fuhrman JA (2005) Wide-ranging abundances of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the world ocean revealed by epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative PCR. Limnol Oceanogr 50:620–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon C, Daniel R (2011) Metagenomic analyses: past and future trends. Appl Environ Microb 77(4):1153–1161

    Google Scholar 

  • Song Z, Liu C, Han G, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Yang C (2006) Enrichment and release of rare earth elements during weathering of sedimentary rocks in Wujiang catchments, Southwest China. J Rare Earths 24(4):491–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Song A, Peng WJ, He RX, Jin ZJ, Lu XX, Fang JJ, Huang BH (2017) Hydrochemistry characteristics in front of Wulixia reservoir dam associated with feedback from aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Rock Min Anal 36(2):1–9 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterner RW, Elser JJ (2002) Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton University Press, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor MMB, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (2014) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of IPCC the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaer AD (1810) Principles of rational agriculture. Vol. I (translated by Shaw, W., and Johnson, C.W., 1844), vol 1. Ridgway, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Uroz S, Calvaruso C, Turpault MP, Frey-Klett P (2009) Mineral weathering by bacteria: ecology, actors and mechanisms. Trends Microbiol 17(8):378–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lith Y, Warthmann R, Vasconcelos C, Mckenzie JA (2003) Sulphate-reducing bacteria induce low-temperature Ca-dolomite and high Mg-calcite formation. Geobiology 1(1):71–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernadsky VI (1926) The biosphere. Copernicus, Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Viles HA, Goudie AS (1990) Tufas, travertines and allied carbonate deposits. Prog Phys Geog 14(1):19–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang FX, Cao JH, Jiang LD, Huang JF (1994) Cave Stromatolites in karst area. Acta Palaeontol Sin 33(2):172–179 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Ji H, Ouyang Z, Zhou D, Zhen L, Li T (1999) Preliminary study on weathering and pedogenesis of carbonate rock. Sci China Ser D 42(6):572–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang DZ, Kong LF, Li YY, Xie ZX (2016) Environmental microbial community proteomics: status, challenges and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 17(8):1275

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward J (2013) Xu Xiake (1586–1641): the art of travel writing. Taylor & Francis group, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss JV, Emerson D, Backer SM, Megonigal JP (2003) Enumeration of Fe(II)-oxidizing and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the root zone of wetland plants: implications for a rhizosphere iron cycle. Biogeochemistry 64(1):77–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmes P, Bond PL (2009) Microbial community proteomics: elucidating the catalysts and metabolic mechanisms that drive the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Curr Opin Microbiol 12(3):310–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Winde F (2002) Uranium contamination of fluvial systems. Mechanisms and processes. Part III: diurnal and event-related fluctuations of stream chemistry. Pitfalls from mining affected streams in South Africa, Germany and Australia. Cuadernos de investigación Investigación Geográfica 28:75–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Wang Y, Cheng H, Chen J (2002) A high-resolution stalagmite OC isotope record from Nanjing and its rapid response to climatic events. Chin Sci Bull 47(2):139–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynn PM, Borsato A, Baker A, Frisia S, Miorandi R, Fairchild IJ (2013) Biogeochemical cycling of sulphur in karst and transfer into speleothem archives at Grotta di Ernesto, Italy. Biogeochemistry 114(1–3):255–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao L, Lian B, Hao J, Liu C, Wang S (2015) Effect of carbonic anhydrase on silicate weathering and carbonate formation at present day CO2 concentrations compared to primordial values. Sci Rep 5:7733

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Li Y, Tang Y, Han G (2009) Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater at an urban site in loess plateau, Northwest China. Atmos Res 94(3):481–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu JB, Li CH, Zhao PD, Hu XH, Yuan DF (1985) Study on carbon dioxide content in soil air and corrosion of carbonate rock in karst area of Puding county, Guizhou province. Carsol Sin 4(4):325–3311 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan DX (1993) Carbon cycle and global karst. Quat Sci 1:1–6 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan DX (1997a) Sensitivity of karst process to environmental change along the PEP II transect. Quat Int 37:105–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan DX (1997b) The carbon cycle in karst. Z Geomorphol 108:91–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan DX (2001) On the Karst ecosystem. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed) 3:336–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q (2012) The stability of carbon sink effect related to carbonate rock dissolution: a case study of the Caohai lake geological carbon sink. Acta Geosci Sin 33(6):947–952 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DD, Zhang Y, Zhu A, Cheng X (2001) Physical mechanisms of river waterfall tufa (travertine) formation. J Sedim Res 71(1):205–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Chen F, Wang Y, Yang X, An C (2008) A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year Chinese cave record. Science 322(5903):940–942

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HL, Jiang GH, Lin YS, Yin JJ, Qin JM, Zhang ML, Zhang Q, Wei LL, Zhu XY (2012) Research on dissolution in the process of stalgmite forming. Geol Rev 58(6):1091–1100 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng L (1999) Carbon stable isotopic composition of karst soil CO2 in central Guizhou, China. Sci Chin Ser D 42(6):588–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, Fu C, Xu X, Yan X, Huang Y, Han S, Chen G (2002) The Asian nitrogen cycle case study. AM J Hum Environ 31(2):79–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou G, Huang J, Tao X, Luo Q, Zhang R, Liu Z (2015) Overview of 30 years of research on solubility trapping in Chinese karst. Earth-Sci Rev 146:183–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu T, Zeng S, Qin H, Zhou K, Yang H, Lan F, Müller C (2016) Low nitrate retention capacity in calcareous soil under woodland in the karst region of southwestern China. Soil Biol Biochem 97:99–101

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0502501), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41641026 and No. 41003038) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (No. 2015GXNSFGA139010, No. 2014GXNSFCA118012 and No.2017GXNSFBA198204). Special thanks to the reviewers and assistant editor, Anne Marie de Grosbois, who so kindly gave constructive suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People’s Republic of China

    Yadan Huang

  2. Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Qixing Road 50, Guilin, 541004, People’s Republic of China

    Qiang Li

  3. International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, 541004, People’s Republic of China

    Qiang Li

Authors
  1. Yadan Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qiang Li.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huang, Y., Li, Q. Karst biogeochemistry in China: past, present and future. Environ Earth Sci 78, 450 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8400-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8400-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation