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Effect of Probe Ultrasonication, Microwave and Sunlight on Biosynthesis, Bioactivity and Structural Morphology of Punica granatum Peel’s Polyphenols-Based Silver Nanoconjugates

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Abstract

Biosynthesis of silver nanoconjugates using agro-waste has drawn the attention of the researchers in recent years due to eco-friendly and low-cost methods. A comparative study on various techniques (sunlight, probe ultrasonication, and microwave irradiation) of silver-bio-nanoconjugate production was carried out using lyophilized pomegranate peel polyphenols. Polyphenols from pomegranate peel extract were identified by LC–MS. The reaction time of each technique for the synthesis of pomegranate peel’s polyphenols-based silver nanoconjugates was optimized by UV–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and antioxidant activity. Further, they were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM–EDX, elemental mapping, TEM, and zeta potential. UV-spectroscopy and DLS results showed that the sunlight, probe ultrasonication, and microwave irradiation technique could reduce silver (Ag+) ions to silver nanoparticles (Ag0) at λ max ~ 420 nm with Z-average diameters 51.63–94.76, 40.51–61.47, and 43.40–66.52 nm, respectively. The antioxidant activity was maximum at 50 s of microwave irradiation treatment followed by 15 min of probe ultrasonication and 20 min of sunlight exposer. However, TEM analysis revealed that the probe ultrasonication treated nanoconjugates were spherical, smaller, and less aggregated. FT-IR spectra confirmed the involvement and conjugation of various functional groups from pomegranate peel polyphenols. Probe ultrasonic-assisted-silver nanoconjugates showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli as compared to microwave-assisted silver nanoconjugate.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Antioxidant activity

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-ray

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscope

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

HHDP:

Hexahydroxydiphenoyl

LCMS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy

PPP:

Pomegranate peel polyphenol

PPP-SNC:

Pomegranate peel polyphenol-based silver nanoconjugate

TE:

Total ellagitannin

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TPC:

Total phenolic content

UV–vis:

Ultraviolet–visible

XRD:

X-ray diffractometer

ZOI:

Zone of inhibition

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Acknowledgements

Financial support in the form of Institute fellowship from MHRD, New Delhi, India, technical assistance provided by the laboratory of sophisticated analytical instrumentation facility, Panjab University, Chandigarh and central laboratory of Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana for providing the facility of FESEM, LC-MS and TEM image analysis is gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

Funding

Funding was provided by Ministry of Human Resource Development (Grant No. Dean(A)/Ph. D/8047).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab, 148106, India

    Rimpi Foujdar, Manav Bandhu Bera & Palak Mahajan

  2. Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Punjab, 148106, India

    Harish Kumar Chopra

  3. Department of Dairy Sciences Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Anil Kumar Chauhan

Authors
  1. Rimpi Foujdar
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  2. Harish Kumar Chopra
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  3. Manav Bandhu Bera
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  4. Anil Kumar Chauhan
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  5. Palak Mahajan
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Correspondence to Manav Bandhu Bera.

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Foujdar, R., Chopra, H.K., Bera, M.B. et al. Effect of Probe Ultrasonication, Microwave and Sunlight on Biosynthesis, Bioactivity and Structural Morphology of Punica granatum Peel’s Polyphenols-Based Silver Nanoconjugates. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 2283–2302 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01175-2

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