Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is part of the mechanism of several human diseases. This negative circumstance may be induced by certain toxicants, as methylglyoxal (MG). MG is a reactive dicarbonyl presenting both endogenous and exogenous sources and is also able to induce protein cross-linking and glycation. Emodin (EM; 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione; C15H10O5) is a cytoprotective agent. Nonetheless, it was not previously demonstrated whether EM would be able to promote mitochondrial protection in cells challenged with MG. Therefore, we investigated here whether and how EM would prevent the MG-induced mitochondrial collapse in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We found that a pretreatment (for 4 h) with EM at 40 μM prevented the MG-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., decreased activity of the complexes I and V, reduced adenosine triphosphate levels, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential) in the SH-SY5Y cells. EM also prevented the redox impairment induced by MG in mitochondrial membranes. Inhibiting the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or silencing of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), transcription factor abolished the EM-induced protection. Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) also blocked the EM-induced mitochondrial protection. Therefore, EM protected the mitochondria by a mechanism dependent on the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in MG-challenged SH-SY5Y cells.
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Funding
MRO receives a “Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa 2 - PQ2” fellow from the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CNPq) (protocol number 301273/2018-9). This work received financial support from CNPq (protocol numbers 400216/2016-7 and 460903/2014-4).
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Fig S1
The effects of EM on the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. EM at 1–40 μM was administrated to the cells for 24 h and their viability was accessed as described in the “Material and Methods” section. (PDF 18 kb)
Fig S2
The effects of EM on the activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The SH-SY5Y cells were treated with EM at 1–40 μM for 8 h (A). The SH-SY5Y cells were treated with EM at 40 μM for 1–24 h (B). (PDF 98 kb)
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de Oliveira, M.R., de Souza, I.C.C. & Brasil, F.B. Promotion of Mitochondrial Protection by Emodin in Methylglyoxal-Treated Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells: Involvement of the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis. Neurotox Res 39, 292–304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00287-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00287-w