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Effects of a Potential Host Gut-Derived Probiotic, Bacillus subtilis 6-3-1, on the Growth, Non-specific Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)

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Abstract

A potential host-derived probiotic, Bacillus subtilis 6-3-1, was successfully screened from 768 isolates from the intestines of healthy hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) based on multiple probiotic characteristics in vitro assays, such as, non-hemolytic activity, extracellular enzyme activity, inhibitory activity against pathogens, tolerance to gastrointestinal stress, cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and antibiotic susceptibility. Eight weeks of feeding trial revealed that dietary supplementation of B. subtilis 6-3-1 at all three concentrations (1 × 106 CFU g−1 as BS6; 1 × 107 CFU g−1 as BS7; 1 × 108 CFU g−1 as BS8) could promote the growth performance of hybrid groupers to a certain extent at different time points. At the end of 8th week, BS6 and BS8 significantly promoted the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) of hybrid groupers. The digestive enzyme activities were also increased in BS6 and BS8 groups comparing with those in control group, except that the increase of amylase activities in BS6 was not significant (P > 0.05). However, BS7 showed the best non-specific immunity stimulating effects among the three concentration groups. While BS7 significantly boosted serum total protein contents, lysozyme (LZM), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and acid phosphatase (ACP) levels, BS6 significantly enhanced serum total protein, LZM activity, and BS8 significantly improved LZM, respiratory bursts activity. B. subtilis 6-3-1 up-regulated the expression of MyD88 in head kidney and intestine and increased villi length (VL) in intestine of BS7 group. It also up-regulated the expression of IgM in head kidney in BS6 group and IgM and TLR1 in intestine of BS8 group. Though all B. subtilis 6-3-1 supplemented groups reduced the cumulative mortality rate post-Vibro harveyi-challenge, BS7 showed the best protection effects among the three concentration groups. In conclusion, with its immune promoting, intestine health enhancing, and V. harveyi resisting effects, BS7 show great potential to be used as a probiotic in hybrid grouper culture.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and its supplementary information file.

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Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31860739, 42066007), Major science and technology projects in Hainan Province (No. ZDKJ2019011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People’s Republic of China

    Jingqiu Liao, Yan Cai, Xinrui Wang, Chenxu Shang, Qian Zhang, Huizhong Shi, Shifeng Wang, Dongdong Zhang & Yongcan Zhou

  2. Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People’s Republic of China

    Jingqiu Liao, Yan Cai, Xinrui Wang, Chenxu Shang, Qian Zhang, Huizhong Shi, Shifeng Wang, Dongdong Zhang & Yongcan Zhou

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  1. Jingqiu Liao
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Correspondence to Shifeng Wang or Yongcan Zhou.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This study was approved by the Animal Use and Care Committee of Hainan University (Approval Number: HNUAUCC-2020-00011).

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Liao, J., Cai, Y., Wang, X. et al. Effects of a Potential Host Gut-Derived Probiotic, Bacillus subtilis 6-3-1, on the Growth, Non-specific Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. 13, 1119–1137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09768-6

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