Abstract
Heterogeneous IoT-enabled networks generally accommodate both jitter-tolerant traffic and jitter-intolerant traffic. Optical burst-switched backbone networks are handling the resultant volumes of such traffic by transmitting it in huge-size chunks called bursts. Because of the lack or limited buffering capabilities within the core network, contentions as well as congestion may frequently occur, thus affecting overall supportable quality of service (QoS). Both contention and congestion will be characterized by frequent burst losses, especially when traffic levels surge. The congestion is normally resolved by way of deflecting contending bursts to other less congested paths even though this may lead to differential delays incurred by bursts as they traverse the network. This will contribute to undesirable jitter that may ultimately compromise overall QoS. Noting that jitter is mostly caused by deflection routing which itself is a result of poor wavelength and routing assigning, in this paper we propose a controllable deflection routing scheme that allows the deflection of bursts to alternate paths only after controller buffer preset thresholds are surpassed. In this way, bursts intended for a common destination are always most likely to be routed on the same or least-cost path end-to-end. We describe the scheme and compare its performance to other existing approaches. Both analytical and simulation results overall show that the proposed scheme does lower both congestion and jitter, thus also improving throughput as well as avoiding congestion on deflection paths.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
24 December 2019
The article, A controllable deflection routing and wavelength assignment algorithm in OBS networks, written by Philani Khumalo, Bakhe Nleya, Andrew Mutsvangwa, was originally published electronically on the publisher���s Internet portal.
References
K. Hirata, T. Matsuda, T. Takine, “Dynamic burst discarding scheme for deflection” routing in optical burst switching networks. Opt. Switch. Netw.4, 106–120 (2007)
S. Haeri, L. Trajkoví, Intelligent deflection routing in buffer-less networks. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 45(2), 316–327 (2015)
I. Ouveysi, F. Shu, W. Chen, G. Xiang, M. Zukerman, Topology and routing optimization for congestion minimization in optical wireless networks. Opt. Switch. Netw. 7(3), 95–107 (2010)
F. Lezama, G. Casta, A. Sarmiento, B. Indayara, B. Martins, Differential evolution optimization applied to the routing and spectrum allocation problem in flexgrid optical networks. Photon Netw. Commun. 31(1), 129–146 (2016)
K. Christodoulopoulos, E. Varvarigos, K. Vlachos, New burst assembly scheme based on the average packet delay and its performance for TCP traffic. Opt. Switch. Netw. 4(3), 200–212 (2007)
D.V. Efrosinin, M.P. Farkhadov, N.V. Stepanova, A study of a controllable queueing system with unreliable heterogeneous servers. Autom. Remote Control 79(2), 265–285 (2018)
A.I. Abd El-Rahman, S.I. Rabia, H.M.H. Shalaby, MAC layer performance enhancement using control packet buffering in optical burst-switched networks. J. Lightw. Technol. 30(11), 1578–1586 (2012)
P. Sakthivel, P. Krishna, Multi-path routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm for WDM based optical networks. Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 10(7), 322–27 (2014)
S. Li, M. Wang, E.W.M. Wong, V. Abramov, M. Zukerman, Bounds of the overflow priority classification for blocking probability approximation in OBS networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 5(4), 378–393 (2013)
S. Bregni, A. Caruso, A. Pattavina, Buffering-deflection tradeoffs in optical burst switching. Photon. Netw. Commun. 20(2), 193–200 (2010)
E. Okly, N. Wada, S. Okamoto, N. Yamaka, K. Sato, Optical networking paradigm: past, recent trends and future directions. IEICE Trans. Commun. E100-B(9), 1564–1580 (2017)
Y. Ito, Y. Mori, H. Hasegawa, K. Sato, Optical networking utilizing virtual direct links, in 42nd European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC 2016), W.4.P1.SC6.3 (Dusseldorf, 2016)
K. Sato, Optical networking and node technologies for creating cost effective bandwidth abundant networks, in Proceedings of the OECC/PS 2016 (The 21st Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference/International Conference on Photonics in Switching 2016), ThA1-2 (Niigata, 2016)
Y. Uematsu, S. Kamamura, H. Date, H. Yamamoto, A. Fukuda, R. Hasashi, K. Koda, Future nationwide optical network architecture for higher availability and operability using transport SDN technologies. IEICE Trans. Commun. E101-B(2), 462–474 (2018)
A. Misawa, S. Kataya, Resource management architecture of metro aggregation network for IoT traffic. IEICE Trans. Commun. E101–B(3), 620–627 (2018)
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by Durban University of Technology’s Research Office. Funding was provided by Durban University of Technology (Grant Nos. 00001, 00002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original version of this article was revised: Due to open choice cancellation.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khumalo, P., Nleya, B. & Mutsvangwa, A. A controllable deflection routing and wavelength assignment algorithm in OBS networks. J Opt 48, 539–548 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00578-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00578-2