Abstract
The investigation and treatment of disorders of the human biliary tree depend considerably on invasive endoscopic and radiologic procedures. These are associated with a significant risk of complications, some of which can be fatal. This review looks at these complications through the lens of 40 years of publications in the medical literature, and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of their current classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Conflicts of interest: K. Mergener: none.
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Mergener, K. Complications of Endoscopic and Radiologic Investigation of Biliary Tract Disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 13, 173–181 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-011-0179-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-011-0179-7
Keywords
- Complications
- Adverse events
- Endoscopy
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
- Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drain
- Cholangiography
- Perforation
- Sphincterotomy
- Precut
- Bleeding
- Hemostasis
- Pancreatitis
- Cholangitis
- Cholecystitis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Sedation
- Contrast allergy
- Anaphylaxis
- Hemobilia
- Bile leak
- Sepsis