Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by agricultural waste cashew nut shell

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Published:
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cashew nut shell (CNS) is a low cost adsorbent that has been used for the removal of cadmium(II) from an aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as solution pH, CNS concentration, contact time, initial cadmium(II) concentration and temperature were examined. The CNS was effective for the quantitative removal of cadmium(II) ions in acidic conditions and equilibrium was achieved in 30 min. The experimental data were analyzed by two-parameter (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and three-parameter models (Redlich- Peterson, Koble-Corrigan, Toth and Sips) by nonlinear regression analysis. The characteristic parameters for each isotherms and related correlation coefficients have been determined by using MATLAB 7.1. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo have also been evaluated, and it was found that the sorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models were selected to follow the adsorption process. The results of the kinetic study show that the adsorption of cadmium(II) could be described by the pseudo-second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably chemisorption. A single-stage batch adsorber was designed for different adsorbent dose-to-effluent volume ratios using the Freundlich equation. The results indicate that the cashew nut shell could be used to effectively adsorb cadmium(II) from an aqueous solution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Hawari, Z. Rawajfih and N. Nsour, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 1284 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Esposito, F. Pagnanelli, F. Beolchini, V. Dovi and F. Veglio, Hydrometallurgy, 60, 129 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. L. Zheng, Z. Dang, C. Zhu, X. Yi, H. Zhang and C. Liu, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 5820 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. D.W. O’Connell, C. Birkinshaw and T. F. O’Dwyer, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 6709 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Y. G. Sharma, J. Appl. Interface Sci., 173, 66 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. K. Bedoui, L. Bekri-Abbes and E. Srasra, Desalination, 223, 269 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. T. G. Kazi, M. Jalbani, N. Kazi, M. K. Jamali, M. B. Arain, H. I. Afridi, G. A. Kandehro and Z. Pirzado, Renal Failure, 30, 737 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. T. S. Anirudhan and P.G. Radhakrishnan, Desalination, 249, 1298 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Mohan and K. P. Singh, Water Res., 36, 2304 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. P. Miretzky, C. Munoz and A. Carrillo-Chavez, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 2737 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. S. Ahluwalia and D. Goyal, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 2243 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. Tsekova, D. Todorova, V. Dencheva and S. Ganeva, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 1727 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Orhan and H. Buyukgunor, Water Sci. Technol., 28, 247 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. O. Corapcioglu and C. P. Huang, Water Res., 21, 1031 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. J. T. Pollard, G.D. Fowler, C. Sollars and R. Perry, Sci. Total Environ., 116, 31 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Babel and T. A. Kurniawan, J. Hazard. Mater., 97, 219 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. P. Marzal, A. Seco, C. Gabaldon and J. Ferrer, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 66, 279 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Dobrowolski, M. Jaroniec and M. Kosmulski, Carbon, 24, 15 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. D. Sud, G. Mahajan and M. P. Kaur, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 6017 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Senthilkumar and R. Gayathri, Environ. Eng. Manage. J., 9, 429 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. P. S. Kumar, K. Ramakrishnan, S. D. Kirupha and S. Sivanesan, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 27, 347 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. U. Garry, M. P. Kaur, G. K. Jawa, D. Sud and V. K. Gary, J. Hazard. Mater., 154, 1149 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. C. Escudero, C. Gabaldon, P. Marzal and I. Villaescusa, J. Hazard. Mater., 152, 476 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Levya-Ramos, L. A. Bernal-Jacome and I. Acosta-Rodriguez, Sep. Purif. Technol., 45, 41 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Gaey, V. Marchetti, A. Clement, B. Loubinoux and P. Gerardin, J. Wood Sci., 46, 331 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. S. Cay, A. Uyanik and A. Ozasik, Sep. Purif. Technol., 38, 273 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Doyurum and A. Celik, J. Hazard. Mater., B138, 22 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Cimino, A. Passerini and G. Toscano, Water Res., 34, 2955 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. V. K. Gupta, C. K. Jain, I. Ali, M. Sharma and V. K. Salini, Water Res., 37, 4038 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. I. Kandah, Sep. Purif. Technol., 35, 61 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D. B. Singh, D. C. Rupainwar, G. Prasad and K. C. Jayaprakas, J. Hazard. Mater., 60, 29 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. K. K. Singh, A. K. Singh and S. H. Hasan, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 994 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Kapoor, T. Viraraghavan and D.R. Cullimore, Bioresour. Technol., 70, 95 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Yan and T. Viraraghavan, Water Res., 37, 4486 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Liu, X. Chang, Y. Guo and S. Meng, J. Hazard. Mater., B135, 389 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M. A. Hashim and K. H. Chu, Chem. Eng. J., 97, 249 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Madhava Rao, A. Ramesh, G. Purna Chandra Rao and K. Seshaiah, J. Hazard. Mater., B129, 123 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. I. Kula, M. Ugurlu, H, Karaoglu and A. Celik, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 492 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. D. Mohan, C. U. Pittman Jr., M. Bricka, F. Smith, B. Yancey, J. Mohammad, P. H. Steele, M. F. Alexandre-Franco, V. Gomez-Serrano and H. Gong, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 310, 57 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. C. A. Toles, W. E. Marshall and M.M. Johns, Carbon, 35, 1407 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. K. Bedoui, I. Bekri-Abbes and E. Srasra, Desaliantion, 223, 269 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Rathinam, B. Maharshi, S. K. Janardhanan, R. R. Jonnalagadda and B. U. Nair, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 1466 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Anwar, U. Shafique, Waheed-uz-Zaman, M. Salman, A. Dar and S. Anwar, Bioresour. Technol., 101, 1752 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. P. S. Kumar, N. A. Kumar, R. Sivakumar and C. Kaushik, J. Mater. Sci., 44, 5894 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Z. A. Zakaria, M. Suratman, N. Mohammed and W. A. Ahmad, Desalination, 244, 109 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. Chakravarty, N. S. Sarma and H. P. Sharma, Desalination, 256, 16 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett and E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R. Vimala and N. Das, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 376 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. M. Nomanbhay and K. Palanisamy, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 8, 43 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  50. L. Semerjian, J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 236 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. P. Chakravarty, N. S. Sarma and H. P. Sharma, Desalination, 256, 16 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W. L. McCabe, J.C. Smith and P. Harriott, Unit operations of chemical engineering, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  53. A. R. Kul and H. Koyuncu, J. Hazard. Mater., 179, 332 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. I. Langmuir, J. Ame. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. H.M. F. Freundlich, J. Phys. Chem., 57, 385 (1906).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. J. Temkin and V. Pyzhev, Acta Physicochim. URSS., 12, 217 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  57. M.M. Dubinin and L.V. Radushkevich, Chem Zent., 1, 875 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  58. O. Redlich and D. L. Peterson, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1024 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. R. A. Koble and T. E. Corrigan, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 383 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. J. Toth, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 69, 311 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  61. B. Volesky, Hydrometallurgy, 71, 179 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. T.W. Weber and R. K. Chakraborty, J. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 20, 228 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. A. Gunay, E. Arslankaya and I. Tosun, J. Hazard. Mater., 146, 362 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Kundu and A. K. Gupta, Chem. Eng. J., 122, 93 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. F. Helfferich, Ion exchange, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  66. H. Chen, G. Dai, J. Zhao, A. Zhong, J. Wu and H. Yan, J. Hazard. Mater., 177, 228 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. S. Lagergren, Kungliga Svenska Vetensk Handl., 24, 1 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, Process Biochem., 34, 451 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol., 20, 797 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. W. J. Weber and J. C. Morris, J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 89, 31 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  71. G. McKay, M. S. Otterburn and J. A. Aga, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 24, 307 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India

    Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA

    Subramaniam Ramalingam

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India

    Vasanthakumar Sathyaselvabala, Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha, Arukkani Murugesan & Subramanian Sivanesan

Authors
  1. Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Subramaniam Ramalingam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vasanthakumar Sathyaselvabala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Selvaraj Dinesh Kirupha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Arukkani Murugesan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Subramanian Sivanesan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Subramanian Sivanesan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kumar, P.S., Ramalingam, S., Sathyaselvabala, V. et al. Removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by agricultural waste cashew nut shell. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 29, 756–768 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0259-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0259-2

Key words

Search

Navigation