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Evaluating implementation and pragmatism of cancer-specific exercise programs: a scoping review

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Abstract

Purpose

Studies in exercise oncology are increasingly evaluating the implementation of cancer-specific exercise programming in real-world settings. Evaluating current implementation efforts and identifying current research gaps may inform future implementation. This scoping review explores studies implementing cancer-specific exercise programs to determine their pragmatic characteristics and evaluate potential for translation into practice.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted using five databases (up to July 2020) to identify implementation studies that used qualitative or quantitative methods. Program pragmatism was evaluated using the PRECIS/RE-AIM tool.

Results

Fourteen articles were included for review. While programs were moderately pragmatic (average: 3.4; range: 2.8–4.2), variability was observed between scoring domains. Programs scored higher (more pragmatic) in domains typical for effectiveness studies, including participant eligibility, follow-up intensity, primary trial outcome, and analysis of primary outcome. In contrast, programs scored lower (less pragmatic) in domains aligned with implementation science, including intervention flexibility, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Limited information was reported regarding program fidelity, adaptations, and maintenance/sustainability.

Conclusion

Researchers should consider the pragmatism of interventions, the nuances of program adoption and implementation at the setting level, and the transition and integration of programming into the healthcare system. Future studies may benefit from the inclusion of decision-makers and implementation experts and shifting focus towards flexible programming. PRECIS/RE-AIM may facilitate the evaluation of programs throughout the study design and implementation process.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

The implementation of pragmatic exercise programs that are both scalable and sustainable is needed so that cancer survivors can experience exercise-related benefits beyond research settings.

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Data availability

A detailed extraction table was completed, and data are available through an open source data repository platform at https://dataverse.library.ualberta.ca/privateurl.xhtml?token=eb6a1bd9-6227-4e42-82a3-2f17b27e9360.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the University of Alberta Health Sciences librarian Liz Dennett in developing the search strategies for this review.

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Funding

GP was supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research through the Sir Frederick Banting & Dr Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship – Master’s and by the University of Alberta through the Walter H Johns Graduate Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Graeme M. Purdy, Frances M. Sobierajski, Naomi D. Dolgoy & Margaret L. McNeely

  2. Rehabilitation Medicine, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Margaret L. McNeely

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  1. Graeme M. Purdy
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  2. Frances M. Sobierajski
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  3. Naomi D. Dolgoy
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  4. Margaret L. McNeely
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Contributions

GP and MM created the concept of the study. GP, FS and MM created the search strategies. GP and FS performed searches and screened records. GP, FS and ND extracted data and evaluated the studies. All authors were involved in interpreting the results, drafting, and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Margaret L. McNeely.

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Purdy, G.M., Sobierajski, F.M., Dolgoy, N.D. et al. Evaluating implementation and pragmatism of cancer-specific exercise programs: a scoping review. J Cancer Surviv 16, 374–387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-021-01032-8

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