Abstract
Polypyrrole nanotubes rank among the most conducting polymer materials. The role of the templates in the formation of nanotubes is analysed and various models are discussed. Special attention has been paid to the role of methyl-orange dye in guiding one-dimensional morphology. The tuning of reaction conditions by varying temperature, acidity, or the introduction of additives, such as dyes, affects both the morphology and conductivity of polypyrrole. The increase in conductivity need not always be associated with nanotubular morphology. In addition to conductivity, also other physical properties are reviewed with the special attention paid to the characterization by UV–visible, infrared, and Raman spectroscopies. The chemical properties are demonstrated by the ability of polypyrrole to reduce noble-metal compounds, and by salt–base transition associated with the conductivity decrease. Polypyrrole nanotubes maintain the most of conductivity under physiological conditions, and they are still conducting under alkaline conditions in the contrast to globular polypyrrole. Polypyrrole nanotubes convert to nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes at elevated temperature, thus producing useful carbonaceous materials. To improve the processing, the nanotubes have been used in composites, colloids, or hydrogels. The applications of polypyrrole nanotubes extend to adsorbents, actuators, antioxidants, biomedicine, catalysts and electrocatalysts, electrorheological suspensions, electromagnetic interference shielding, and sensors, especially to those exploiting electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity, such as electrodes in batteries and supercapacitors.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Reprinted from Stejskal et al. (2016)
Reprinted from Konyushenko et al. (2006a)
Adapted from Kopecká et al. (2014)
Reprinted from Kopecká et al. (2014)
Reprinted from Kopecká et al. (2014)
Reprinted from Sapurina et al. (2017)
Adapted from Li et al. (2017a)
Reprinted from Sapurina et al. (2017)
Adapted from Konyushenko et al. (2006a)
Reprinted from Sapurina et al. (2017)
Reprinted from Sapurina et al. (2017)
Adapted from Bober et al. (2018)
Adaped from Sapurina et al. (2017)
Reprinted from Stejskal et al. (2016)
Reprinted from Stejskal et al. (2016)
Adapted from Kopecká et al. (2016)
Adapted from Li et al. (2016)
Adapted from Ćirić-Marjanović et al. (2014)
Adapted from Ćirić-Marjanović et al. (2014)
Adapted from Li et al. (2016)
Adapted from Alekseeva et al. (2015)
Reprinted from Bober et al. (2015)
Reprinted from Li et al. (2016)
Reprinted from Kopecká et al. (2016)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alekseeva E, Bober P, Trchová M, Šeděnková I, Prokeš J, Stejskal J (2015) The composites of silver with globular or nanotubular polypyrrole: the control of silver content. Synth Met 209:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.07.003
Antonio JLS, Lira LM, Gonçales VR, de Torresi SIC (2013) Fully conducting hydro-sponges with electro-swelling properties tuned by synthetic parameters. Electrochim Acta 101:216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.012
Antonio JL, Höfler L, Lindfors T, de Torresi SIC (2016) Electrocontrolled swelling and water uptake of a three-dimensional conducting polypyrrole hydrogel. ChemElectroChem 3:2146–2152. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600397
Arjomandi J, Shah AHA, Bilal S, Hoang HV, Holze R (2011) In-situ Raman and UV-vis spectroscopic studies of polypyrrole and poly(pyrrole-2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin). Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 78:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2009.12.026
Armes SP (1996) Conducting polymer colloids. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(96)80007-0
Babayan V, Kazantseva NE, Moučka R, Stejskal J (2017) Electromagnetic shielding of polypyrrole–sawdust composites: polypyrrole globules and nanotubes. Cellulose 24:3445–3451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1357-z
Bae J, Jang J (2012) Fabrication of carbon nanotubes from conducting polymer precursor as field emitter. J Ind Eng Chem 18:1921–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.05.004
Blinova NV, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Prokeš J, Omastová M (2007) Polyaniline and polypyrrole: a comparative study of the preparation. Eur Polym J 43:2331–2341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.03.045
Bober P, Stejskal J, Šeděnková I, Trchová M, Martinková L, Marek J (2015) The deposition of globular polypyrrole and polypyrrole nanotubes on cotton textile. Appl Surf Sci 356:737–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.105
Bober P, Li Y, Acharya U, Panthi Y, Pfleger J, Humpolíček P, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2018) Acid Blue dyes in polypyrrole synthesis: The control of polymer morphology at nanoscale in the promotion of high conductivity and the reduction of cytotoxicity. Synth Met 237:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.01.010
Brédas JL, Scott JC, Yakushi K, Street GB (1984) Polarons and bipolarons in polypyrrole: evolution of the band structure and optical spectrum upon doping. Phys Rev B 30:1023–1025. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.30.1023
Cai ZH, Lei JT, Liang WB, Menon V, Martin CR (1991) Molecular and supermolecular origins of enhanced electronic conductivity in template-synthesized polyheterocyclic fibrils. 1. Supermolecular effects. Chem Mater 3:960–967. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00017a036
Cai Z, Xiong HZ, Zhu ZN, Huang HB, Li L, Huang YN, Yu XH (2017) Electrochemical synthesis of graphene/polypyrrole nanotube composites for multifunctional applications. Synth Met 227:100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.03.012
Cao ZZ, Yang HY, Dou P, Wang C, Zheng J, Xu XH (2016) Synthesis of three-dimensional hollow SnO2@PPy nanotube array via template-assisted method and chemical vapor-phase polymerization as high performance for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 209:700–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.158
Chen JH, Yin ZM (2014) Cooperative intramolecular hydrogen bonding induced azo–hydrazone tautomerism of azopyrrole: crystallographic and spectroscopic studies. Dyes Pigm 102:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.10.036
Chen YB, Feng H, Li L, Shang SM, Yuen MCW (2013) Synthesis and properties of polypyrrole/chitosan composite hydrogels. J Macromol Sci A Pure Appl Chem 50:1225–1229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2013.843403
Chen XF, Huang Y, Zhang KC, Feng XS, Wang MY (2017) Synthesis and high-performance of carbonaceous polypyrrole nanotubes coated with SnS2 nanosheets anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Chem Eng J 330:420–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.180
Ćirić-Marjanović G (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research: polymerization mechanism. Structural aspects, properties and applications. Synth Met 177:1–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.004
Ćirić-Marjanović G, Blinova NV, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2007) Chemical oxidative polymerization of safranines. J Phys Chem B 111:2188–2199. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp067407w
Ćirić-Marjanović G, Pašti I, Gavrilov N, Janosević A, Mentus S (2013) Carbonised polyaniline and polypyrrole: towards advanced nitrogen-containing carbon materials. Chem Pap 67:781–813. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0312-1
Ćirić-Marjanović G, Mentus S, Pašti I, Gavrilov N, Krstić J, Travas-Sejdic J, Strover LT, Kopecká J, Morávková Z, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2014) Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemistry of nanotubular polypyrrole and polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem C 118:14770–14784. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp502862d
Crowley K, Cassidy J (2003) In-situ resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry of polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate. J Electroanal Chem 547:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00191-8
Crowley K, Smyth MR, Killard AJ, Morrin A (2013) Printing polyaniline for sensor applications. Chem Pap 67:771–780. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0301-9
Cui YM, Wen ZY, Liang X, Lu Y, Jin J, Wu MF, Wu XW (2017) A tubular polypyrrole based air electrode with improved O2 diffusivity for Li–O2 batteries. Energy Environ Sci 5:7893–7897. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21638h
Dai TY, Lu Y (2007) Water-soluble methyl orange fibrils as versatile templates for the fabrication of conducting polymer microtubules. Macromol Rapid Commun 28:629–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200600697
Dai TG, Yang XM, Lu Y (2006) Controlled growth of polypyrrole nanotubule/wire in the presence of a cationic surfactant. Nanotechnology 17:3028–3034. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/12/036
de Oliveira AHP, de Oliveira HP (2014) Carbon nanotube/polypyrrole nanofibers core–shell composites decorated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles for supercapacitor electrodes. J Power Sources 268:45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.027
De Vito S, Martin C (1998) Toward colloidal dispersions of template-synthesized polypyrrole nanotubules. Chem Mater 10:1738–1741. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9801690
Devi M, Kumar A (2016) In-situ reduced graphene oxide nanosheets–polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications. Synth Met 222:318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.11.004
Díaz-Orellana KP, Roberts ME (2015) Scalable, template-free synthesis of conducting polymer microtubes. RSC Adv 5:25504–25512. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16000b
Díez I, Tauer K, Schulz B (2004) Polypyrrole tubes via casting of pyrrole-β-naphthalenesulfonic acid rods. Colloid Polym Sci 283:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-004-1135-y
Díez I, Tauer K, Schulz B (2006) Unusual polymer dispersions–polypyrrole suspensions made of rings, frames, and platelets. Colloid Polym Sci 284:1431–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-006-1521-8
Díez I, Emmerling F, Malz F, Jäger C, Schulz B, Orgzall I (2008) Origin of templating processes in polypyrrole synthesis. Mater Chem Phys 112:154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.05.057
Dresselhaus MS, Jorio A, Hofman M, Dresselhaus G, Saito R (2010) Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 10:751–758. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl904286r
Du HX, Xie YB, Xia C, Wang W, Tian F, Zhou YZ (2014) Preparation of flexible polypyrrole nanoarray and its capacitative performance. Mater Lett 132:417–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.140
Du XF, Yang TJ, Lin J, Feng TY, Zhu JB, Lu L, Xu YL, Wang JP (2016) Microwave-assisted synthesis of SnO2@polypyrrole nanotubes and their pyrolized composite as anode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:15598–15606. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b03332
Dubal DP, Chodankar NR, Caban-Huertas Z, Wolfart F, Vidotti M, Holze R, Lokhande CD, Gomez-Romer P (2016) Synthetic approach from polypyrrole nanotubes to nitrogen doped pyrolyzed carbon nanotubes for asymmetric supercapacitors. J Power Sources 302:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.074
Duchet J, Legras R, Demoustier-Champagne S (1998) Chemical synthesis of polypyrrole: Structure–properties relationship. Synth Met 98:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)00180-5
Dutt S, Sharma R (2017) Controlling the polypyrrole microstructures using swollen liquid crystals as structure guiding agents. Mater Res Express 4:105305. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa9192
Ekanayake EMIM, Preethichandra DMG, Kaneto K (2007) Polypyrrole nanotube array sensor for enhanced adsorption of glucose oxidase in glucose biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 23:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2007.03.022
Fakhry A, Pillier F, Debiemme-Chouvy C (2014) Templateless electrogeneration of polypyrrole nanostructures: impact of the anionic composition and pH of the monomer solution. J Mater Chem A 2:9859–9865. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01360c
Fakhry A, Cachet H, Debiemme-Chouvy C (2015) Mechanism of formation of templateless electrogenerated polypyrrole nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 179:297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.025
Feng XM, Sun ZZ, Hou WH, Zhu JJ (2007) Synthesis of functional polypyrrole/Prussian blue and polypyrrole/Ag composite microtubes by using reactive template. Nanotechnology 18:195603. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/19/195603
Feng JT, Yan W, Zhang LZ (2009) Synthesis of polypyrrole micro/nanofibers via a self-assembly process. Microchim Acta 166:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0188-5
Feng JT, Lv W, Liu JW, Li JJ, Yang HH, Xu H, Yan W (2014a) Enhanced capacitance of rectangular-sectioned polypyrrole microtubes as the electrode material for supercapacitors. RSC Adv 4:40686–40692. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07750d
Feng JT, Li JJ, Lv W, Xu H, Yang HH, Yan W (2014b) Synthesis of polypyrrole nano-fibers with hierarchical structure and its adsorption property of Acid Red G from aqueous solution. Synth Met 191:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.02.013
Feng JT, Zhang Q, Wang JJ, Yang HH, Xu H, Yan W (2015) Application of chemically synthesized polypyrrole with hydro-sponge characteristic as electrode in water desalination. RSC Adv 5:71593–71600. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09062h
Fracari T, Einloft S, Lavayeu V (2017) Thermal behavior and spectroscopy analysis of carbonized nanostructures derived from polypyrrole nanotubes. Int J Nanosci 16(1–9):1750014. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x17500144
Furukawa Y, Tazawa S, Fujil Y, Harada A (1988) Raman spectra of polypyrrole and its 2,5-C-13-substituted and C-deuterated analogs in doped and undoped states. Synth Met 24:329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(88)90309-8
Galář P, Khun J, Kopecký D, Scholtz V, Trchová M, Fučíková A, Jirešová J, Fišer L (2017) Influence of non-thermal plasma on structural and electrical properties of globular and nanostructured conductive polymer polypyrrole in water suspension. Sci Rep 7:15068. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15184-0
Grzeszczuk M, Kępas A, Kvanstrom C, Ivaska A (2010) Effects of small octahedral mono, di and trivalent hexafluoroanions on electronic and molecular structure of polypyrrole monitored by in situ UV-vis-NIR and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements. Synth Met 160:636–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.12.024
Guo CX, Li N, Ji LL, Li YW, Yang XM, Lu Y, Tu YF (2014) N- and O-doped carbonaceous nanotubes from polypyrrole for potential application in high-performance capacitance. J Power Sources 247:660–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.014
Gupta S (2008) Hydrogen bubble-assisted syntheses of polypyrrole micro/nanostructures using electrochemistry: structural and physical property characterization. J Raman Spectrosc 39:1343–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.2002
Hazarika J, Kumar A (2016) Studies of structural, optical, dielectric relaxation and ac conductivity of different alkylbenzenesulfonic acids doped polypyrrole nanofibers. Phys B 461:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2015.11.023
He QM, Rui K, Chen CH, Yang JH, Wen ZY (2017) Interconnected CoFe2O4–polypyrrole nanotubes as anode materials for high performance sodium ion bateries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:36927–36935. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b12503
Hong YB, Yeo HN, Choi YM, You NH, Lee SH, Goh MJ (2014) Synthesis of microcellular polypyrrole in a unidirectional freeze-dried polystyrene template and the conversion to microcellular carbon via morphology-retaining carbonization. Synth Met 196:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.07.017
Howard JK, Rihak KJ, Bissember AC, Smith JA (2016) The oxidation of pyrrole. Chem Asian J 11:155–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201500659
Hu XQ, Lu Y, Liu JH (2004) Synthesis of polypyrrole microtubes with actinomorphic morphology in the presence of a β-cyclodextrin derivative-methyl orange inclusion complex. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:1117–1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200400067
Hu SC, Zhou Y, Zhang LL, Liu SJ, Cui K, Lu YY, Li KN, Li XD (2018) Effect of indigo carmine concentration on the morphology and microwave adsorbing behavior of PPy prepared by template synthesis method. J Mater Sci 53:3016–3026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1702-5
Ilcikova M, Filip J, Mrlik M, Plachy T, Tkac J, Kasak P (2015) Polypyrrole nanotubes decorated with gold particles applied for construction of enzymatic bioanodes and biocathodes. Int J Electrochem Sci 10:6558–6571. WOS: 000359200400043
Ishpal, Kaur A (2013a) Spectroscopic investigations of ammonia gas sensing mechanism in polypyrrole nanotubes/nanorods. J Appl Phys 113:094504. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4793994
Ishpal, Kaur A (2013b) Spectroscopic and electrical sensing mechanism in oxidant-mediated polypyrrole nanofibers/nanoparticles for ammonia gas. J Nanopart Res 15:1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1637-y
Ivanova VT, Garina EO, Burtseva EI, Kirillova ES, Ivanova MV, Stejskal J, Sapurina IYu (2017) Conducting polymers as sorbents of influenza viruses. Chem Pap 71:495–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0068-5
Jaisankar SN, Nelson DJ, Brammer CN (2009) New synthesis and characterization of ionic polyurethane-urea liquid crystals. Polymer 50:4775–4780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.049
Jang J, Oh JH (2004) A facile synthesis of polypyrrole nanotubes using a template mediated vapor deposition polymerization and the conversion to carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun 882–883. https://doi.org/10.1039/b316083a
Jang J, Yoon H (2003) Facile fabrication of polypyrrole nanotubes using reverse microemulsion polymerization. Chem Commun 720–721. https://doi.org/10.1039/b211716a
Jang J, Yoon H (2005) Formation mechanism of conducting polypyrrole nanotubes in reverse micelle systems. Langmuir 21:11484–11489. https://doi.org/10.1021/la051447u
Jenden CM, Davidson RG, Turner TG (1993) A Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic study of electrically conducting polypyrrole films. Polymer 34:1649–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90323-3
Ji JY, Zhang XY, Liu J, Peng LF, Chen CL, Huang ZL, Li L, Yu XH, Shang SM (2015) Assembly of polypyrrole nanotube@MnO2 composites with an improved electrochemical capacitance. Mater Sci Eng B 198:51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2015.04.004
Joulazadeh M, Navarchian AH (2015a) Polypyrrole nanotubes versus nanofibers: a proposed mechanism for predicting the final morphology. Synth Met 199:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.10.036
Joulazadeh M, Navarchian AH (2015b) Ammonia detection of one-dimensional nano-structured polypyrrole/metal oxide nanocomposites sensors. Synth Met 210:404–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.10.026
Kang KS, Jee CH, Bao JH, Jung HJ (2017) Synthesis and characterization of novel polypyrrole hybrid nanotubes incorporated with polyaniline spots. AIP Adv 7:115219. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.498569
Kaur A, Kumar R (2016) Sensing of ammonia at room temperature by polypyrrole–tin oxide nanostructures: investigation by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Sens Actuat A Phys 245:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.05.004
Konyushenko EN, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Hradil J, Kovářová J, Prokeš J, Cieslar M, Hwang JY, Chen KH, Sapurina I (2006a) Multi-wall carbon nanotubes coated with polyaniline. Polymer 47:5715–5723. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0348-2
Konyushenko EN, Stejskal J, Šeděnková I, Trchová M, Sapurina I, Cieslar M, Prokeš J (2006b) Polyaniline nanotubes: conditions of formation. Polym Int 55:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1899
Konyushenko EN, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Blinova NV, Holler P (2008) Polymerization of aniline in ice. Synth Met 158:927–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.06.015
Kopecká J, Kopecký D, Vrňata M, Fitl P, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Bober P, Morávková Z, Prokeš J, Sapurina I (2014) Polypyrrole nanotubes: mechanism of formation. RSC Adv 4:1551–1558. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra45841e
Kopecká J, Mrlík M, Olejník R, Kopecký D, Vrňata M, Prokeš J, Bober P, Morávková Z, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2016) Polypyrrole nanotubes and their carbonized analogs: Synthesis, characterization, gas sensing properties. Sensors 16:1917. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111917
Kopecký D, Varga M, Prokeš J, Vrňata M, Trchová M, Kopecká J, Václavík M (2017) Optimization routes for high electrical conductivity of polypyrrole nanotubes prepared in the presence of methyl orange. Synth Met 230:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.06.004
Kostic R, Rakovic D, Stepanyan SA, Davidova IE, Gribov LA (1995) Vibrational spectroscopy of polypyrrole, theoretical study. J Chem Phys 102:3104–3109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.468620
Kros A, Nolte RJM, Sommerdijk NAJM (2002) Conducting polymers with confined dimensions: track-etch membranes for amperometric biosensor applications. Adv Mater 14:1779–1782. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20021203)14:23<1779::AID-ADMA1779>3.0.CO;2-T
Kwon OS, Park SJ, Jang S (2010) A high-performance VEGF aptamer functionalized polypyrrole nanotube biosensor. Biomaterials 31:4740–4747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.040
Kwon OS, Park SJ, Yoon H, Jang J (2012) Highly sensitive and selective chemiresistive sensors based on multidimensional polypyrrole nanotubes. Chem Commun 48:10526–10528. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc35307e
Kwon OS, Park CS, Park SJ, Noh SM, Kim SR, Kong HJ, Bae JW, Lee CS, Yoon HS (2016) Carboxylic acid-functionalized conducting-polymer nanotubes as highly sensitive nerve-agent chemiresistors. Sci Rep 6:33724. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33724
Lee KJ, Min SH, Oh H, Jang J (2011) Fabrication of polymer nanotubes containing nanoparticles and inside functionalization. Chem Commun 47:9447–9449. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC13023D
Lei W, He P, Wang YH, Zhang SS, Dong FQ, Li HT (2014) Soft template interfacial growth of novel ultralong polypyrrole nanowires for electrochemical energy storage. Electrochim Acta 132:112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.146
Li D, Huang JX, Kaner RB (2009) Polyaniline nanofibers: a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications. Acc Chem Res 42:135–142. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800080n
Li SK, Lu XF, Li X, Xue YP, Zhang CC, Lei JY, Wang C (2012) Preparation of bamboo-like PPy nanotubes and their application for removal of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous solution. J Colloid Interface Sci 378:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.065
Li M, Li WG, Liu J, Yao JS (2013) Preparation and characterization of PPy with methyl orange as soft template. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 24:906–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0847-x
Li M, Yang LL, Zhang YQ (2015) Hierarchical structure of hollow thorn-like polypyrrole microtubes with enhanced electrochemical performance. RSC Adv 5:1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12096e
Li Y, Bober P, Apaydin DH, Syrový T, Sariciftci S, Hromádková J, Sapurina I, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2016) Colloids of polypyrrole nanotubes/nanorods: a promising conducting ink. Synth Met 221:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.10.007
Li Y, Bober P, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2017a) Polypyrrole prepared in the presence of methyl orange and ethyl orange: nanotubes versus globules. A comparison study on the improvement of conductivity. J Mater Chem C 5:4236–4245. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00206h
Li ZW, Chen NN, Mi HY, Ma JH, Xie YH, Qiu JS (2017b) Hierarchical hybrids integrated by dual polypyrrole-based porous carbons for enhanced capacitive performance. Chem Eur J 23:13474–13481. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201702544
Li HQ, Hu X, Zhu HM, Zang Y, Xue HG (2017c) Amperometric phenol biosensor based on a new immobilization matrix: polypyrrole nanotubes derived from methyl orange as dopant. Int J Electrochem Sci 12:6714–6728. https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.07.80
Liang LR, Chen GM, Guo CY (2017) Polypyrrole nanostructures and their thermoelectric performance. Mater Chem Front 1:380–386. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00061d
Liao JW, Huang SS, Ning CY, Tan GX, Pan HB, Zhang Y (2013) Potential-induced reversible switching in the tubular structure of conducting polypyrrole nanotube arrays. RSC Adv 3:14946–14949. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42172d
Liao JW, Wu SL, Yin SS, Ning CY, Tan GX, Chu PK (2014a) Surface-dependent self-assembly of conducting polypyrrole nanotube arrays in template-free electrochemical polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:10946–10951. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5017478
Liao JW, Ning CY, Tan GX, Ni GX, Pan HB (2014b) Conducting polypyrrole nanotube arrays as an implant surface: fabricated on biomedical titanium with fine-tunability by means of template-free electrochemical polymerization. ChemPlusChem 9:524–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201300385
Lin M (2015) A dopamine electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles/over-oxidized polypyrrole nanotube composites. RSC Adv 5:9848–9851. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14360d
Lin M, Hu XK, Ma ZH, Chen LX (2012) Functionalized polypyrrole nanotubes arrays as electrochemical biosensor for the determination of copper ions. Anal Chim Acta 746:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.017
Liu YS, Nan HM, Cai Q, Li HD (2012a) Fabrication of halloysite@polypyrrole composite particles and polypyrrole nanotubes on halloysite templates. J Appl Polym Sci 125:E638–E643. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34125
Liu JH, An JW, Ma YX, Li ML, Ma RB, Yu M, Li SM (2012b) Electrochemical properties comparison of polypyrrole nanotube and polyaniline nanofiber applied in supercapacitor. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 57(1–8):30702. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2012110368
Liu Q, Pu ZH, Tang C, Asiri MM, Qusti AH, Al-Youbi AO, Sun XP (2013a) N-doped carbon nanotubes from functional tubular polypyrrole: a highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochem Commun 36:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.09.013
Liu JH, Ma YX, Yu M, An JW, Li SM (2013b) Preparation and capacitance properties of graphene–polypyrrole nanotube hybrid. Chin J Inorg Chem 29:928–935. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14445
Liu JG, Wang JJ, Yu XH, Li L, Shang SM (2015a) One-pot synthesis of polypyrrole/AgCl composite nanotubes and their antibacterial properties. Micro Nano Lett 10:50–53. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2014.0435
Liu FJ, Yuan Y, Li L, Shang SM, Yu XH, Zhang Q, Jiang SX, Wu YG (2015b) Synthesis of polypyrrole nanocomposites decorated with silver nanoparticles with electrocatalysis and antibacterial properties. Composites Part B 69:232–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.030
Liu QZ, Wang B, Chen JH, Li F, Liu K, Wang YD, Li MF, Lu ZT, Wang WW, Wang D (2017) Facile synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) interconnecting polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires/nanofibrous textile composite electrode for high performance supercapacitors. Composites Part A 101:30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.033
Long YZ, Li MM, Gu CZ, Wan MX, Duvail JL, Liu ZW, Fan ZY (2011) Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers. Prog Polym Sci 36:1415–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.001
Luo MF, He Y, Cheng QL, Li CZ (2010) Synthesis and structural and electrical characteristics of polypyrrole nanotube/TiO2 hybrid composites. J Macromol Sci B Phys 49:419–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222341003595303
Ma GQ, Wen ZY, Wang QS, Shen C, Peng P, Jin J, Wu XW (2015a) Enhanced performance of lithium sulfur battery with self-assembly polypyrrole nanotube film as the functional interlayer. J Power Sources 273:511–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.141
Ma LG, Huang ZH, Duan YY, Shen XF, Che SN (2015b) Optically active chiral Ag nanowires. Sci China Mater 58:441–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-015-0058-x
Ma GQ, Huang FF, Wen ZY, Wang QS, Hong XH, Jin J, Wu XW (2016) Enhanced performance of lithium sulfur batteries with conductive polymer modified separators. J Mater Chem A 4:16968–16974. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07198h
Majumdar D, Saha SK (2015) Charge transport in polypyrrole nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15:9975–9981. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11708
Malinauskas A, Malinauskiene J, Ramanavičius A (2005) Conducting polymer-based nanostructurized materials: electrochemical aspects. Nanotechnology 16:R51–R62. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/R01
Mao H, Zhang HF, Liang JC, Liu DL, Wu SY, Zhang Y, Zhang YY, Wu QH, Zhang GL, Song XM (2015) Preparation of poly(ionic liquids)-functionalized polypyrrole nanotubes and their electrocatalytic application to simultaneously determine dopamine and ascorbic acid. J Mater Chem B 3:5310–5317. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tb00259a
Mao JF, Li CJ, Park HJ, Rouabhia M, Zhang Z (2017) Conductive polymer waving in liquid nitrogen. ACS Nano 11:10409–11041. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b5546
Maráková N, Humpolíček P, Kašpárková V, Capáková Z, Martinková L, Bober P, Trchová M, Stejskal J (2017) Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of cotton fabric coated with conducting polymers, polyaniline or polypyrrole, and with deposited silver nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 396:169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.024
Martin CR (1995) Template synthesis of electronically conductive polymer nanostructures. Acc Chem Res 28:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00050a002
Meng YL, Wu P, Wang YG, Fang WJ, Zhao FF, Du JC, Zhang P, Tang YW, Wei SH, Zhou YM (2016) Polypyrrole-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: template-directed synthesis and enhanced sodium storage performance. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 65:552–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.047
Menon VP, Lei JT, Martin CR (1996) Investigation of molecular and supermolecular structure in template-synthesized polypyrrole tubules and fibrils. Chem Mater 8:2382–2390. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm960203f
Mezhuev Y, Korshak Y, Shtilman MI (2017) Oxidative polymerization of aromatic amines: kinetic features and possible mechanisms. Russ Chem Rev 86:1271–1285. https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4755
Mi HY, Zhang XG, Ye XG, Yang SD (2008) Preparation and enhanced capacitance of core–shell polypyrrole/polyaniline composite electrode for supercapacitors. J Power Sources 176:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.10.070
Misra S, Bharti M, Singh A, Debnath A, Aswal AK, Hayakawa Y (2017) Nanostructured polypyrrole: enhancement in thermoelectric figure of merit through suppression of thermal conductivity. Mater Res Express 4(1–6):085007. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa7b1f
Na W, Park JW, An JH, Jang J (2016) Size-controllable ultrathin carboxylated polypyrrole nanotube transducer for extremely sensitive 17β-estradiol FET-type biosensors. J Mater Chem B 4:5025–5034. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tb00897f
Nand AV, Ray S, Gizdavic-Nikolaidis M, Travas-Sejdic J, Kilmartin PA (2011) The effects of thermal treatment on the antioxidant activity of polyaniline. Polym Degrad Stab 96:2159–2166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.09.013
Omastová M, Trchová M, Kovářová J, Stejskal J (2003) Synthesis and structural study of polypyrroles prepared in the presence of surfactants. Synth Met 138:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00498-8
Omastová M, Trchová M, Pionteck J, Prokeš J, Stejskal J (2004) Effect of polymerization conditions on the properties of polypyrrole in the presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate. Synth Met 143:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2003.11.005
Palod PA, Singh V (2015) Improvement in glucose biosensing response of electrochemically grown polypyrrole nanotubes by incorporating crosslinked glucose oxidase. Mater Sci Eng C 55:420–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.038
Pan T, Liu HY, Ren GY, Li YN, Lu XY, Zhu Y (2016) Metal-free porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for enhanced oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Sci Bull 61:869–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1073-3
Park E, Kim H, Song J, Oh H, Song H, Jang J (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole nanotubes for antimicrobial application. Macromol Res 20:1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-012-0150-y
Park JW, Park SJ, Kwon OS, Lee C, Jang J (2014) Polypyrrole nanotube embedded reduced graphene oxide transducer for field-effect transistor-type H2O2 biosensor. Anal Chem 86:1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac403770x
Park JW, Lee C, Jang J (2015) High-performance field-effect transistor-type glucose biosensor based on nanohybrids of carboxylated polypyrrole nanotube wrapped graphene sheet transducer. Sens Actuat B: Chem 208:532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.11.085
Park JW, Na W, Jang J (2016) One-pot synthesis of multidimensional conducting polymer nanotubes for superior performance field-effect transistor-type carcinoembryonic antigen biosensors. RSC Adv 6:14335–14343. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25392f
Peng YJ, Qiu LH, Pan CT, Wang CC, Shang SM, Yan F (2012) Facile preparation of water-dispersible polypyrrole nanotube-supported silver nanoparticles for hydrogen peroxide reduction and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Electrochim Acta 75:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.034
Peng T, Sun WW, Huang CL, Yu WJ, Sebo B, Dai ZG, Guo SS, Zhao XZ (2014) Self-assembled free-standing polypyrrole nanotube membrane as efficient FTO- and Pt-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:14–17. https://doi.org/10.1021/am404265q
Peshoria S, Narula AK (2017) Study and explanation about the morphological, electrochemical and structural properties of differently synthesized polypyrrole. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28:18348–18356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7781-x
Piraux L, Antohe VA, Ferain E, Lahem D (2016) Self-supported three-dimensionally interconnected polypyrrole nanotubes and nanowires for highly sensitive chemiresistive gas sensing. RSC Adv 6:21808–21813. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03439j
Quadrat O, Stejskal J (2006) Polyaniline in electrorheology. J Ind Eng Chem 12:352–361 (WOS: 000237876700002)
Radha G, Samanta D, Balakumar S, Mandal AB, Jaisankar SN (2015) Single-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with polypyrrole-TiO2 nanocomposites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15:3879–3886. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.9255
Radhakrishnan S, Sumathi C, Dharuman V, Wilson J (2013) Polypyrrole nanotubes–polyaniline composite for DNA detection using methylene blue as intercalator. Anal Meth 5:1010–1015. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ay26127h
Rakić AR, Vukomanović M, Ćirić-Marjanović G (2014) Formation of nanostructured polyaniline by dopant-free oxidation of aniline in a water/isopropanol mixture. Chem Pap 68:372–383. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0453-2
Ren L, Li K, Chen XF (2009) Soft template method to synthesized polyaniline microtubes doped with methyl orange. Polym Bull 63:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0076-5
Riede A, Helmstedt M, Sapurina I, Stejskal J (2002) In situ polymerized polyaniline films 4. Film formation in dispersion polymerization of aniline. J Colloid Interface Sci 248:413–418. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.8197
Ruan BY, Guo HP, Liu QN, Shi DQ, Chou SL, Liu HK, Chen GH, Qang JZ (2016) 3-D structured SnO2–polypyrrole nanotubes applied in Na-ion batteries. RSC Adv 6:103124–103131. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21139a
Rudajevová A, Varga M, Prokeš J, Kopecká J, Stejskal J (2015) Thermal properties of conducting polypyrrole nanotubes. Acta Phys Polonica A 128:730–736. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.730
Salabat A, Mirhoseini F, Mahdieh M, Saydi H (2015) A novel nanotube-shaped polypyrrole–Pd composite prepared using reverse microemulsion polymerization and its evaluation as an antibacterial agent. New J Chem 39:4109–4114. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00175g
Sapurina I, Stejskal J (2008) The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures. Polym Int 57:1295–1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2476
Sapurina I, Riede A, Stejskal J (2001) In-situ polymerized polyaniline films 3. Film formation. Synth Met 123:503–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00349-6
Sapurina I, Osadchev AYu, Volchek BZ, Trchová M, Riede A, Stejskal J (2002) In-situ polymerized polyaniline films 5. Brush-like chain ordering. Synth Met 129:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00036-X
Sapurina IYu, Ivanova MV, Ivanova VT, Burtseva EI, Trushakova SV, Isaeva EI, Kirilova ES, YaE Kurochkina, Manykin AA, Uryvaev LV (2014) Polyanine and its composites as sorbents of influenza viruses. Polym Sci A 56:450–458. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X14040129
Sapurina I, Stejskal J, Šeděnková I, Trchová M, Kovářová J, Hromádková J, Kopecká J, Cieslar M, El-Nasr AA, Ayad MM (2016) Catalytic activity of polypyrrole nanotubes decorated with noble-metal nanoparticles and their conversion to carbonized analogues. Synth Met 214:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.01.009
Sapurina I, Li Y, Alekseeva E, Bober P, Trchová M, Morávková Z, Stejskal J (2017) Polypyrrole nanotubes: the tuning of morphology and conductivity. Polymer 113:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.064
Schulz B, Orgzall I, Díez I, Tauer K (2010) Template mediated formation of shaped polypyrrole particles. Colloids Surf A 354:368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.034
Shang SM, Yang XM, Tao XM (2009) Easy synthesis of carbon nanotubes with polypyrrole nanotubes as the carbon precursor. Polymer 50:2815–2818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.041
Sharma A, Kumar A (2016) Study of structural and electro-catalytic behavior of amperometric biosensor based on chitosan/polypyrrole nanotubes-gold nanoparticles nanocomposites. Synth Met 220:551–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.07.012
Sharma A, Sanya MK (2014) Tuning of colossal dielectric constant in gold-polypyrrole composite nanotubes using in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. AIP Adv 4:097121. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4896122
Škodová J, Kopecký D, Vrňata M, Varga M, Prokeš J, Cieslar M, Bober P, Stejskal J (2013) Polypyrrole–silver composites prepared by the reduction of silver ions with polypyrrole nanotubes. Polym Chem 4:3610–3616. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3py00250k
Sookhakian M, Amin YM, Baradaran S, Tajabadi MT, Golsheikh AM, Basirun WJ (2014) A layer-by layer assembled graphene/zinc sulfide/polypyrrole thin-film electrode via electrophoretic deposition for solar cells. Thin Solid Films 552:204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.12.019
Stejskal J (2001) Colloidal dispersions of conducting polymers. J Polym Mater 18:225–258 (WOS: 000171631800001)
Stejskal J (2013) Conducting polymer–silver composites. Chem Pap 67:814–848. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0304-6
Stejskal J (2015) Polymers of phenylenediamines. Prog Polym Sci 41:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.007
Stejskal J, Gilbert RG (2002) Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer. Pure Appl Chem 74:857–867. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050857
Stejskal J, Sapurina I (2005) Polyaniline: thin film and colloidal dispersions. Pure Appl Chem 77:815–826. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200577050815
Stejskal J, Trchová M (2012) Aniline oligomers versus polyaniline. Polym Int 61:240–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3179
Stejskal J, Kratochvíl P, Armes SP, Lascelles SF, Riede A, Helmstedt M, Prokeš J, Křivka I (1996a) Polyaniline dispersions. 6. Stabilization by colloidal silica. Macromolecules 29:6814–6819. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9603903
Stejskal J, Kratochvíl P, Jenkins AD (1996b) The formation of polyaniline and the nature of its structures. Polymer 37:367–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81113-X
Stejskal J, Špírková M, Riede A, Helmstedt M, Mokreva P, Prokeš J (1999) Polyaniline dispersions 8. The control of particle morphology. Polymer 40:2487–2492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00478-9
Stejskal J, Omastová M, Fedorova S, Prokeš J, Trchová M (2003) Polyaniline and polypyrrole prepared in the presence of surfactants: a comparative conductivity study. Polymer 44:1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00906-0
Stejskal J, Sapurina I, Trchová M, Konyushenko EN, Holler P (2006) The genesis of polyaniline nanotubes. Polymer 47:8253–8262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.007
Stejskal J, Sapurina I, Trchová M, Konyushenko EN (2008) Oxidation of aniline: polyaniline granules, nanotubes, and oligoaniline microspheres. Macromolecules 41:3530–3536. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma702601q
Stejskal J, Sapurina I, Trchová M (2010) Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation. Prog Polym Sci 35:1420–1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.006
Stejskal J, Trchová M, Bober P, Humpolíček P, Kašpárková V, Sapurina I, Shishov MA, Varga M (2015a) Conducting polymers: polyaniline. In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, Wiley online ed. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.pst640
Stejskal J, Sapurina I, Trchová M, Šeděnková I, Kovářová J, Kopecká J, Prokeš J (2015b) Coaxial conducting polymer nanotubes: polypyrrole nanotubes coated with polyaniline of poly(p-phenylenediamine) and product of their carbonization. Chem Pap 69:1341–1349. https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0152
Stejskal J, Trchová M, Bober P, Morávková Z, Kopecký D, Vrňata M, Prokeš J, Varga M, Watzlová E (2016) Polypyrrole salts and bases: superior conductivity of nanotubes and their stability towards the loss of conductivity by deprotonation. RSC Adv 6:88382–88391. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19461c
Stejskal J, Bober P, Trchová M, Kovalcik A, Hodan J, Hromádková J, Prokeš J (2017a) Polyaniline cryogels supported with poly(vinyl alcohol): soft and conducting. Macromolecules 50:972–978. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02526
Stejskal J, Bober P, Trchová M, Nuzhnyy D, Bovtun V, Savinov M, Petzelt J (2017b) Interfaced conducting polymers. Synth Met 224:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.12.029
Sudhu NK, Rastogi AC (2014) Vertically aligned ZnO nanorod core-polypyrrole conducting polymer sheath and nanotube arrays for electrochemical supercapacitor energy storage. Nanoscale Res Lett 9(1–5):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276x-9-453
Sui ZY, Li X, Sun ZY, Tao HC, Zhang PY, Zhao L (2018) Nitrogen-doped and nanostructured carbons with high surface area for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon 126:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.003
Tan JL, Zhang Z, He Y, Yue QH, Ji HR, Sun YN, Shi W, Ge DT (2017) Electrochemical synthesis of conductive, superhydrophobic and adhesive polypyrrole–polydopamine nanowires. Synth Met 234:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.10.012
Tran HD, Li D, Kaner RB (2009) One-dimensional polymer nanostructures: bulk synthesis and applications. Adv Mater 21:1487–1499. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802289
Trchová M, Šeděnková I, Konyushenko EN, Stejskal J, Holler P, Ćirić-Marjanović G (2006) Evolution of polyaniline nanotubes: the oxidation of aniline in water. J Phys Chem B 110:9461–9468. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp057528g
Trchová M, Konyushenko EN, Stejskal J, Kovářová J, Ćirić-Marjanović G (2009) The conversion of polyaniline nanotubes to nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes and their comparison with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Polym Degrad Stab 94:929–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.001
Tuo X, Li BR, Chen CL, Huang ZL, Huang HB, Li L (2016) Facile assembly of polypyrrole/Prussian blue aerogels for hydrogen peroxide reduction. Synth Met 213:73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.01.006
Upadhyay J, Kumar A (2013a) Structural, thermal, and dielectric studies of polypyrrole nanotubes synthesized by reactive self-degraded template method. Mater Sci Eng B 178:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2013.06.002
Upadhyay J, Kumar A (2013b) Engineering polypyrrole nanotubes by 100 MeV Si9+ ion beam irradiation: enhancement of antioxidant activity. Mater Sci Eng C 33:4900–4904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.08.009
Upadhyay J, Kumar A (2014) Investigation of structural, thermal and dielectric properties of polypyrrole nanotubes tailoring with silver nanoparticles. Compos Sci Technol 97:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.04.003
Upadhyay J, Kumar A (2017) Polypyrrole nanotubes–silver nanoparticles hybrid nanocomposites: dielectric, optical, antimicrobial and haemolysis activity study. In: Kumar V, Kalia S, Swart HC (eds.) Conducting polymer hybrids, book series: Springer series on polymer and composite materials p 81–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46458-9_3
Upadhyay J, Gogoi B, Kumar A, Buragohain AK (2013) Diameter dependent antioxidant property of polypyrrole nanotubes for biomedical applications. Mater Lett 102–103:33–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.099
Upadhyay J, Kumar A, Gogoi B, Buragohain AK (2014) Biocompatibility and antioxidant activity of polypyrrole nanotubes. Synth Met 189:119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.01.004
Upadhyay J, Kumar A, Gogoi B, Buragohain AK (2015a) Antibacterial and hemolysis activity of polypyrrole nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles by an in situ reduction process. Mater Sci Eng C 54:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.027
Upadhyay J, Kumar A, Gupta K, Mandal M (2015b) Investigation of physical and biological properties of polypyrrole nanotubes–chitosan nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 132:481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.028
Valtera S, Prokeš J, Kopecká J, Vrňata M, Trchová M, Varga M, Stejskal J, Kopecký D (2017) Dye-stimulated control of conducting polypyrrole morphology. RSC Adv 7:51495–51505. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10027b
van Dommele S, de Jong KP, Bitter JH (2006) Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes as solid base catalysts. Chem Commun :4859–4861. https://doi.org/10.1039/b610208e
Varga M, Kopecká J, Morávková Z, Křivka I, Trchová M, Stejskal J, Prokeš J (2015) Effect of oxidant on electronic transport in polypyrrole nanotubes synthesized in the presence of methyl orange. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 53:1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23755
Varga M, Kopecký D, Kopecká J, Křivka I, Hanuš J, Zhigunov A, Trchová M, Vrňata M, Prokeš J (2017) The ageing of polypyrrole nanotubes synthesized with methyl orange. Eur Polym J 96:176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.052
Velazquez JM, Gaikwad AV, Rout TK, Rzayev J, Banejee S (2011) A substrate-integrated and scalable templated approach based on rusted steel for the fabrication of polypyrrole nanotube arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1238–1244. https://doi.org/10.1021/am2000533
Wang LX, Li XG, Yang YL (2001) Preparation, properties and applications of polypyrroles. React Funct Polym 47:125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00079-1
Wang YJ, Yang C, Liu P (2011) Acid blue AS doped polypyrrole (PPy/AS) nanomaterials with different morphologies as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 172:1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.06.061
Wang YJ, Zhong WB, Ning XT, Li YT, Chen XH, Wang YX, Yang WT (2013a) The controlled preparation of polypyrrole nanostructures via tuning the concentration of acrylic acid. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.7094
Wang YJ, Liu P, Yang C, Mu B, Wang AQ (2013b) Improving capacitance performance of attapulgite/polypyrrole composites by introducing rhodamine B. Electrochim Acta 89:422–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.065
Wang JG, Wei BQ, Kang FY (2013c) Facile synthesis of hierarchical conducting polypyrrole nanostructures via reactive template of MnO2 and their application in supercapacitors. RSC Adv 4:199–202. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra45824e
Wang WQ, Lu LC, Cai WJ, Chen ZR (2013d) Synthesis and characterization of coaxial silver/silica/polypyrrole nanocables. J Appl Polym Sci 129:2377–2382. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38828
Wang ZL, He XJ, Ye SH, Tong YX, Li GR (2013e) Design of polypyrrole/polyaniline double-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:642–647. https://doi.org/10.1021/am404751k
Wang YJ, Wang X, Yang C, Mu B, Liu P (2013f) Effect of Acid Blue BRL on morphology and electrochemical properties of polypyrrole materials. Powder Technol 235:901–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.11.049
Wang HW, Yi H, Chen X, Wang XF (2014) Asymmetric supercapacitors based on nanoarchitectured nickel oxide/graphene foam and hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh-rate performance. J Mater Chem A 2:3223–3250. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404008e
Wang XX, Xu M, Fu YL, Wang SY, Yang T, Jiao K (2016a) A highly conductive and hierarchical PANI micro/nanostructure and its supercapacitor application. Electrochim Acta 222:701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.026
Wang ZG, Zhou L, Yu P, Liu Y, Chen JQ, Liao JW, Li WP, Chen W, Zhou WH, Yi X, Ouyang KY, Zhou ZN, Tan GX, Ning CY (2016b) Polydopamine-assisted electrochemical fabrication of polypyrrole nanofibers on bone implants to improve bioactivity. Macromol Mater Eng 301:1288–1294. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201600285
Wang N, Dai HX, Wang DL, Ma HY, Li M (2017) Determination of copper ions using a phytic acid/polypyrrole nanowires modified glassy carbon electrode. Mater Sci Eng C 76:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.077
Wei M, Dai TY, Lu Y (2010) Controlled fabrication of nanostructured polypyrrole on ion association template: tubes, rods and networks. Synth Met 160:849–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.01.032
Wei DL, Lin X, Shang SM, Yuen MCW, Ya GP, Yu XH (2013) Controlled growth of polypyrrole hydrogels. Soft Matter 9:2832–2836. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm27253a
Wei Y, Hu Q, Cao YH, Fang D, Xu WL, Jiang M, Huang J, Liu H, Fan X (2017a) Polypyrrole nanotube arrays on carbonized cotton textile for aqueous sodium battery. Org Electron 46:211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.04.008
Wei CZ, Xu Q, Che ZQ, Rao WD, Fan LL, Yuan Y (2017b) An all-solid-state yarn supercapacitor using cotton yarn electrodes coated with polypyrrole nanotubes. Carbohydrate Polym 169:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.002
Wilson J, Radhakrishnan S, Sumathi C, Dharuman V (2012) Polypyrrole–polyaniline–Au (PPy–PANI–Au) nano composite films for label-free electrochemical DNA sensing. Sens Actuat B Chem 171–172:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.03.019
Wójcik K, Gzeszczuk M (2017) Polypyrrole nanofibers with extended 1D hierarchical structure. ChemElectroChem 4:2653–2659. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201700472
Wolfart F, Dubal DP, Vidotti M, Gómez-Romero P (2016) Hybrid core—shell nanostructured electrodes made of polypyrrole nanotubes coated with Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes for high energy-density supercapacitors. RSC Adv 6:15062–15070. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23671a
Wu MH, Chen JA, Wang C, Wag FQ, Yi BL (2013) Non-graphitic PPy-based carbon nanotubes anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 105:462–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.019
Wu JS, Sun YM, Pei WB, Huang L, Xu W, Zhang QC (2014) Polypyrrole nanotube film for flexible thermoelectric application. Synth Met 196:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.08.001
Würthner F, Kaiser TE, Saha-Möller CR (2011) J-Aggregates: from serendipitous discovery to supramolecular engineering of functional dye materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:3376–3410. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002307
Xie A, Wu F, Jiang WC, Zhang K, Sun MX, Wang MY (2017) Chiral induced synthesis of helical polypyrrole (PPy) nano-structures: a lightweight and high-performance material against electromagnetic pollution. J Mater Chem C 5:2175–2181. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc05057c
Xin SC, Yang N, Zhao J, Li L, Teng C (2017) Three-dimensional polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotube framework for dye adsorption and electrochemical supercapacitor. Appl Surf Sci 414:218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.109
Xu J, Wang DX, Fan LL, Yuan Y, Wei W, Liu RN, Gu SJ, Xu WL (2015) Fabric electrodes coated with polypyrrole nanorods for flexible supercapacitor application prepared via a reactive self-degraded template. Org Electron 26:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.07.054
Xu XT, Tang J, Qian HY, Hou SJ, Bando YS, Hossain MSA, Pan LK, Yamauchi Y (2017) Three-dimensional nanonetworked metal–organic frameworks with conductive polypyrrole tubes for flexible supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:38737–38744. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b09944
Xue MQ, Li FW, Chen D, Yang ZH, Wang XW, Ji JH (2016) High-oriented polypyrrole nanotubes for next generation gas sensors. Adv Mater 28:8265–8270. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602302
Yan W, Han J (2007) Synthesis and formation mechanism study of rectangular-sectioned polypyrrole micro/nanotubules. Polymer 48:6782–6790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.026
Yang XM, Zhu ZX, Dai TY, Lu Y (2005) Facile fabrication of functional polypyrrole nanotubes via a reactive self-degraded template. Macromol Rapid Commun 26:1736–1740. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500514
Yang XM, Dai TY, Zhu ZX, Lu Y (2007) Electrochemical synthesis of functional polypyrrole nanotubes via a self-assembly process. Polymer 48:4021–4027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.023
Yang XM, Li L, Yan F (2010a) Polypyrrole/silver composite nanotubes for gas sensors. Sens Actuat B Chem 145:495–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.12.065
Yang XM, Li L, Zhao Y (2010b) Ag/AgCl-decorated polypyrrole nanotubes and their sensory properties. Synth Met 160:1822–1825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.06.018
Yang XM, Li L, Yan F (2010c) Fabrication of polypyrrole/Ag composite nanotubes via in situ reduction of AgNO3 on polypyrrole nanotubes. Chem Lett 39:118–119. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2010.118
Yang LL, Li M, Zhang YQ, Yi KH, Ma JY, Liu YK (2014) Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole nanotubes/multi-wall carbon nanotubes composites with superior electrochemical performance. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 25:1047–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1685-1
Yang C, Zhang LL, Hu NT, Yang Z, Wei H, Zhang YF (2016) Reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanotube papers for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors with excellent rate capability and high energy density. J Power Sources 302:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.035
Ye SB, Feng JC (2014) Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:9671–9679. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502077p
Ying S, Zheng WQ, Li BR, She X, Huang HB, Li L, Huang ZL, Huang YN, Liu ZT, Yu XH (2016) Facile fabrication of elastic conducting polypyrrole nanotube aerogels. Synth Met 218:50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.05.002
Yoon H, Chang M, Jang J (2006) Sensing behaviour of polypyrrole nanotubes prepared in reverse microemulsions: effects of transducer size and transduction mechanism. J Phys Chem B 110:14074–14077. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp061423b
Yoon H, Kim JH, Lee N, Kim BG, Jang J (2008a) A novel sensor platform based on aptamer-conjugated polypyrrole nanotubes for label-free electrochemical protein detection. ChemBioChem 9:634–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200700660
Yoon H, Ko S, Jang J (2008b) Field-effect-transistor sensor based on enzyme-functionalized polypyrrole nanotubes for glucose detection. J Phys Chem B 112:9992–9997. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp800567h
Yoon H, Lee SH, Kwon OS, Song HS, Oh EH, Park TH, Jang J (2009) Polypyrrole nanotubes conjugated with human olfactory receptors: high-performance transducers for FET-type bioelectronic nose. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:2755–2758. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200805171
Yuan HR, Deng LF, Tang JH, Zhou SG, Chen Y, Yuan Y (2015) Facile synthesis of MnO2/polypyrrole/MnO2 multiwalled nanotubes as advanced electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. ChemElectroChem 2:1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201500109
Yuan XX, Li L, Ma Z, Yu XB, Wen XF, Ma ZF, Zhang L, Wilkinson DP, Zhang JJ (2016) Novel nanowire-structured polypyrrole cobalt composite as efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci Rep 6:20005. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20005
Yue J, Wang WP, Wang NN, Yang XF, Feng JK, Yang J, Qian YT (2015) Triple-walled SnO2@N-doped carbon-SnO2 as an advanced anode material for lithium and sodium storage. J Mater Chem A 3:23194–23200. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06080j
Zhang XY, Manohar SK (2005) Narrow pore-diameter polypyrrole nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 127:14156–14157. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja054789v
Zhang WD, Xiao HM, Fu SY (2012) Preparation and characterization of novel polypyrrole-nanotube/polyaniline free-standing composite films via facile solvent-evaporation method. Compos Sci Technol 72:1812–1817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.08.002
Zhang J, Liu XH, Zhang LX, Cao BQ, Wu SH (2013) Reactive template synthesis of polypyrrole nanotubes for fabricating metal/conducting polymer nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:528–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200757
Zhang LJ, Xia GG, Ge Y, Wang CY, Guo ZP, Li XG, Yu XB (2015) Ammonia borane confined by nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes: enhanced dehydrogenation properties originating from synergetic catalysis and nanoconfiment. J Mater Chem A 3:20494–20499. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05540g
Zhang LJ, Xia GL, Guo ZP, Li XG, Sun DL (2016a) Boron and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon nanotubes webs as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:14252–14260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.016
Zhang J, Shi Y, Ding Y, Zhang WK, Yu GH (2016b) In situ reactive synthesis of polypyrrole–MnO2 coaxial nanotubes as sulfur hosts for high-performance lithium–sulfur battery. Nano Lett 16:7276–7281. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03849
Zhang LM, Sui XL, Zhao L, Zhang JJ, Gu DM, Wang ZB (2016c) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for high-performance platinum based catalysts in methanol oxidation reaction. Carbon 108:561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.059
Zhang XH, Jin B, Cheng T, Wang HH, Xin PM, Lang XY, Yang CC, Gao W, Zhu YF, Jiang Q (2016d) (De)lithiation of tubular polypyrrole-derived carbon/sulfur composite in lithium-sulfur batteries. J Electroanal Chem 780:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.08.034
Zhang FF, Wang CL, Huang G, Yin DM, Wang LM (2016e) Enhanced electrochemical performance by a three-dimensional interconnected porous nitrogen-doped graphene/carbonized polypyrrole composite for lithium–sulfur batteries. RSC Adv 6:26264–26270. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02667b
Zhang RH, Zhao TS, Tan P, Wu MC, Jiang HR (2017a) Ruthenium dioxide-decorated carbonized tubular polypyrrole as a bifunctional catalyst for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. Electrochim Acta 157:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.097
Zhang LM, Sui XL, Zhao L, Huang GS, Gu DM (2017b) Three-dimensional hybrid aerogels built from graphene and polypyrrole-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a high-efficiency Pt-based catalyst support. Carbon 121:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.023
Zhang DX, Zhang Z, Xu XJ, Zhang Q, Yuan CW (2017c) Flexible MoS2 nanosheets/polypyrrole nanofibers for highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Phys Lett A 381:3584–3588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2017.09.004
Zhang J, Liu Y, Guan HJ, Zhao YF, Zhang B (2017d) Decoration of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles onto polypyrrole nanotubes with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. J Alloys Compd 721:731–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.061
Zhang J, Guan HJ, Liu Y, Zhao YF, Zhang B (2017e) Hierarchical polypyrrole nanotubes@NiCo2S4 nanosheets core-shell composites with improved electrochemical performance as supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 258:182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.102
Zhao YC, Tomšík E, Wang JX, Morávková Z, Zhigunov A, Stejskal J, Trchová M (2013) Self-assembly of aniline oligomers. Chem Asian J 8:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-012-2597-y
Zhao CE, Wu JS, Kjellberg S, Loo JSC, Zhang QC (2015) Employing a flexible and low-cost polypyrrole nanotube membrane as an anode to enhance current generation in microbial fuel cells. Small 11:3440–3443. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403328
Zhao ZH, Richardson GF, Meng QS, Zhu SM, Kuan HC, Ma J (2016) PEDOT-based composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Nanotechnology 27:042001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/4/042001
Zhong CJ, Tian ZQ, Tian ZW (1990) In-situ electron spin resonance and Raman spectroscopic studies of the electrochemical process of conducting polypyrrole films. J Phys Chem 94:2171–2175. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100368a080
Zhou ZF, Zhang ZH, Peng HR, Qin Y, Li GC, Chen KZ (2014) Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing activate carbon nanotubes with improved capacitive properties. RSC Adv 4:5524–5530. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra45076g
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TE01020022) for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was presented at the 81st Prague Meeting on Macromolecules held on September 10–14, 2017.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stejskal, J., Trchová, M. Conducting polypyrrole nanotubes: a review. Chem. Pap. 72, 1563–1595 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0394-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0394-x