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Optimization of the production conditions of primary (W1/O) and double (W1/O/W2) nano-emulsions containing vitamin B12 in skim milk using ultrasound wave by response surface methodology

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Abstract

The main objective of this study was to the fortification of skim milk with encapsulated vitamin B12 in Water in Oil in Water (W1/O/W2) emulsions. Vitamin B12 was loaded to the water phase of W1/O emulsion formulated by 10–30% inner water phase (W1) in W1/O emulsion (Wt%) and 6–10% polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) in oil phase through sonication for 4–6 min. Then, 5–25% of primary W1/O emulsions were dispersed into skim milk by sonication for 1–5 min to produce W1/O/W2 emulsions. The smallest droplets and the lowest polydispersity index (PDI) were obtained in the W1/O emulsion formulated by 20% W1 and 9% PGPR by sonication for 6 min. Optimization of W1/O/W2 emulsion formulations was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) according to the results of encapsulation efficiency, droplet size and PDI. The 88.85% encapsulation efficiency was obtained in W1/O/W2 emulsion formulated 12% W1/O in W1/O/W2 emulsion by sonication for 1 min, in which the droplet size and PDI were 57.144 nm and 0.19, respectively. Another optimized formulation of W1/O/W2 emulsion via 79.70% encapsulation efficiency, the droplet size of 65.29 nm, and PDI 0.21 produced by using 10% of W1/O in W1/O/W2 emulsion through sonication for 2 min. No phase separation was observed in two optimized emulsions during 7 days storage at 37 °C. However, the droplet size, sedimentation index, and PDI of two optimized W1/O/W2 emulsions were increased, and their encapsulation efficiency was decreased during storage.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thankful to Dr. Pedram Pakzad and everyone who has helped us in the accomplishment of research work, for their scientific and valuable help and cooperation with this project.

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  1. Department of Food Science & Technology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Isfahan, Iran

    Nahal Zaghian & Mohammad Goli

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  1. Nahal Zaghian
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  2. Mohammad Goli
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Correspondence to Mohammad Goli.

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Zaghian, N., Goli, M. Optimization of the production conditions of primary (W1/O) and double (W1/O/W2) nano-emulsions containing vitamin B12 in skim milk using ultrasound wave by response surface methodology. Food Measure 14, 3216–3226 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00567-1

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