Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial analysis and districting of the livestock and poultry breeding in China

  • Published:
Journal of Geographical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The capacity of livestock breeding in China has increased rapidly since 1949, and the total output of meat, poultry and eggs maintains the world’s top first in recent 20 years. Livestock emissions and pollution is closely associated with its population and spatial distribution. This paper aims to investigate the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry breeding in China. Using statistical yearbook and agricultural survey in 2007, the county-level populations of livestock and poultry are estimated as equivalent standardized pig index (ESP), per cultivated land pig index (PCLP) and per capita pig index (PCP). With the help of spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools in Geoda and ArcGIS software, especially the Moran’s I and LISA statistics, the nationwide global and local clustering trends of the three indicators are examined respectively. The Moran’s I and LISA analysis shows that ESP and PCP are significantly clustering both globally and locally. However, PCLP is clustering locally but not significant globally. Furthermore, the thematic map series (TMS) and related gravity centers curve (GCC) are introduced to explore the spatial patterns of livestock and poultry in China. The indicators are classified into 16 levels, and the GCCs for the three indicators from level 1 to 16 are discussed in detail. For districting purpose, each interval between gravity centers of near levels for all the three indicators is calculated, and the districting types of each indicator are obtained by merging adjacent levels. The districting analysis for the three indicators shows that there exists a potential uniform districting scheme for China’s livestock and poultry breeding. As a result, the China’s livestock and poultry breeding would be classified into eight types: extremely sparse region, sparse region, relatively sparse region, normally sparse region, normal region, relatively concentrated region, concentrated region and highly concentrated region. It is also found that there exists a clear demarcation line between the concentrated and the sparse regions. The line starts from the county boundary between Xin Barag Left Banner and Xin Barag Right Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west coast of Dongfang County, Hainan Province.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldstadt J, 2010. Spatial clustering. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications. Springer, 279–300.

  • Anselin L, 1995. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2): 93–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm M, Palphramand K L, Newton-Cross G et al., 2008. The spatial distribution of badgers, setts and latrines: The risk for intra-specific and badger-livestock disease transmission. Ecography, 31(4): 525–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolan N S, Adriano D C, 2004. Mahimairaja S. Distribution and bioavailability of trace elements in livestock and poultry manure by-products. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34(3): 291–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brus D J, de Gruijter J J, 2000. Using nonprobability samples in design-based estimation of spatial means of soil properties. Accuracy 2000, Proceedings, 2000: 83–90.

  • Cai Jinzhong, Li Chunhua, 2010. Livestock parasite species and regional distribution in Qinghai province. Chinese Journal of Animal Infectious Diseases, (1): 64–67. (in Chinese)

  • Cecchi G, Wint W, Shaw A et al., 2010. Geographic distribution and environmental characterization of livestock production systems in Eastern Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 135(1/2): 98–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Peng, 2008. Experimental study of excretion coefficient on typical dairy farm in Beijing [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicero C, 1997. Boggy meadows, livestock grazing, and interspecific interactions: Influences on the insular distribution of montane Lincoln’s Sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii alticola). Great Basin Naturalist, 57(2): 104–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza J K, Marcinko S E, Goewert A E et al., 2008. Potential geographic distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition from intensive livestock production in North Carolina, USA. Science of the Total Environment, 398(1–3): 76–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Min, Liu Qiliang, Li Guangqiang et al., 2011. The Analysis & Applicaitions in Spatial Clustering. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding Jianghua, 2000. The pollution of poultry and animal feces and the countermeasures in Guangzhou. Research of Environmental Sciences, (3): 57–59. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccard J A, Walther R B, Milton S J, 2000. How livestock grazing affects vegetation structures and small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo. Journal of Arid Environments, 46(2): 103–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Pena A, Santos-Silva M M, 2005. The distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of domestic livestock in Portugal. Exp. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 36(3): 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan Lu, Ma Jun, Li Shizhu, 2006. Environmental pollution of the scale animal and poultry aquaculture and its prevention and remedy countermeasures. Journal of Agrcultural Mechanization Research, (6): 22–24. (in Chinese)

  • Gao Ding, Chen Tongbin, Liu Bin et al., 2006. Releases of pollutants from poultry manure in China and recommended strategies for the pollution prevention. Geographical Research, 25(2): 311–319. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge Meiling, Feng Zhiming, 2009. Population distribution of China based on GIS: Classification of population densities and curve of population gravity centers. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(2): 201–210. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Geary R C, 1954. The contiguity ratio and statistical mapping. The Incorporated Statistician, 5(3): 115–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getis A, Ord J K, 1992. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24(3): 189–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gondwe N, Marcotty T, Vanwambeke S O et al., 2009. Distribution and density of tsetse flies (Glossinidae: Diptera) at the game/people/livestock interface of the Nkhotakota Game Reserve Human Sleeping Sickness Focus in Malawi. Ecohealth, 6(2): 260–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan Xingliang, Fang Chuanglin, Lu Shasha, 2010. Analysis of spatial distribution and gravity centers curve dynamic cultivated land changes in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 25(12): 1997–2006. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haining R, 1990. Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Science. Cambridge University Press.

  • Hampson R E, Simeral J D, 1999. Deadwyler S A. Distribution of spatial and nonspatial information in dorsal hippocampus. Nature, 610–614.

  • Hoaglin D C, Mosteller F, Tukey J W, 1983. Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobololo V L, 2009. Spatial distribution of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliildae) challenge for livestock farmers along the Vaal River, South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging, 80(2): 137–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison M L, Avery S M, Monaghan J M, 2008. The air-borne distribution of zoonotic agents from livestock waste spreading and microbiological risk to fresh produce from contaminated irrigation sources. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105(3): 848–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson B, Laine A, Stephenson T et al., 2001. Advanced biological unit processes for domestic water recycling. Water Science and Technology, 211–218.

  • Kabeya H, Maruyama S, Morita Y et al., 2003. Distribution of Arcobacter species among livestock in Japan. Veterinary Microbiology, 93(2): 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J D, Lee D W, Lee K S et al., 2004. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium species in soil contaminated with domestic livestock feces of Korea. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14(2): 401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong Yuan, Han Lujia, 2002. Environmental contamination from animal faeces in China and control countermeasures. Journal of China Agricultural University, (6): 92–96. (in Chinese)

  • Li Qingkang, Wu Lei, Liu Haiqin et al., 2000. The status and outlook of treatment on excreta from intensive animal farming in China. Agro-Environmental Protection, (4): 241–254. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Wei, Li Yanxia, Yang Ming et al., 2010. Spatial distribution of livestock and poultry production and land application accessibility of animal manure in Beijing. Journal of Natural Resource, 25(5): 746–755. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Wei, Li Yanxia, Zhang Fengsong et al., 2007. The spatial and temporal distribution features of animal production in three northeast provinces and the impacts of manure nutrients on the local environment. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, (6): 2350–2357. (in Chinese)

  • Liu Jianguo, 2009. Research on prevention and control system of livestock and poultry excreta [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Xiaoli, Xu Junxiang, Wang Fanghao et al., 2005. The resource and distribution of nitrogen nutrient in animal excretion in China. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, (5): 27–32. (in Chinese)

  • Liu Zhong, Zeng Yuanqiang, 2010. Distribution of manure resources and environmental loads of agro-ecological regions in China. Resources Science, 32(5): 946–950. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma Lin, Wang Fanghao, Liu Dong et al., 2006. Assessment of the production of animal manure and its pollution potential in Hebei Province. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, (6): 99–103. (in Chinese)

  • Malele I, Nyingilili H, Msangi A, 2011. Factors defining the distribution limit of tsetse infestation and the implication for livestock sector in Tanzania. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(10): 2341–2347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran P A P, 1948. The interpretation of statistical maps. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Methodological), 10(2): 243–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran P A P, 1950. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2): 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann K, Elbersen B S, Verburg P H et al., 2009. Modelling the spatial distribution of livestock in Europe. Landscape Ecology, 24(9): 1207–1222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norwood F B, Luter R L, Massey R E, 2005. Asymmetric willingness-to-pay distributions for livestock manure. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 30(3): 431–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohkuma N, Shinoda T, Aoi T et al., 1994. Performance of rotary disk modules in a collected human excreta treatment plant. Water Science and Technology, 30(4): 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orhan H, Ozturk I, Dogan Z et al., 2009. Examining structural distribution of livestock in eastern and south-eastern Anatolia of Turkey by multivariate statistics. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(3): 481–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orr D M, 1980. Effects of sheep grazing astrebla grassland in Central Western Queensland: 1. Effects of grazing pressure and livestock distribution. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 31(4): 797–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng Li, 2009. A study on the suitable load and the emporal and spatial distribution of emissions of livestock and poultry manure in Chongqing [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng Li, Gu Wenhai, Wei Shiqiang et al., 2006. Temporal and spatial distribution of poultry excrements in every district and county of Chongqing. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, (4): 213–216. (in Chinese)

  • Pringle H J R, Landsberg J, 2004. Predicting the distribution of livestock grazing pressure in rangelands. Austral Ecology, 29(1): 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proffitt K M, Gude J A, Hamlin K L et al., 2011. Elk distribution and spatial overlap with livestock during the brucellosis transmission risk period. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(2): 471–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinella M J, Vavra M, Naylor B J et al., 2011. Estimating influence of stocking regimes on livestock grazing distributions. Ecological Modelling, 222(3): 619–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saizen I, Maekawa A, Yamamura N, 2010. Spatial analysis of time-series changes in livestock distribution by detection of local spatial associations in Mongolia. Applied Geography, 30(4): 639–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson M A, Feldmann C, Schmidt J et al., 2010. Spatial distribution of livestock concentration areas and soil nutrients in pastures. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 65(3): 180–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shekhar S, Vatsavai R R, Celik M, 2008. Spatial and Spatiotemporal Data Mining: Recent Advances. Data Mining: Next Generation Challenges and Future Directions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim W J, Lee J W, Lee E S et al., 2011. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures. Chemosphere, 82(2): 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumption K, Rweyemamu M, Wint W, 2008. Incidence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia, Africa and South America: Combining expert opinion, official disease information and livestock populations to assist risk assessment. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55(1): 5–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verburg P H, van Keulen H, 1999. Exploring changes in the spatial distribution of livestock in China. Agricultural Systems, 62(1): 51–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vo A T T, van Duijkeren E, Fluit A C et al., 2006. Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovars from humans, livestock and meat in Vietnam and the dominance of Salmonella Typhimurium Phage Type 90. Veterinary Microbiology, 113(1/2): 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Fanghao, Ma Wenqi, Dou Zhengxia et al., 2006. The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China. China Environmental Science, 26(5): 614–617. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Hui, Dong Yuanhua, Zhang Xumei et al., 2007. Salinity contents and distribution of dry animal manures on intensified-farms in Jiangsu Province. Transactions of Agricultural Engineering, (11): 229–233. (in Chinese)

  • Wang Jinfeng, Liao Yilan, Liu Xin, 2010. The Tutorial for Spatial Data Analysis. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Yuanfei, He Honglin, 2007. Methods for Spatial Data Analysis. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • White D H, Lubulwa G A, Menz K et al., 2001. Agro-climatic classification systems for estimating the global distribution of livestock numbers and commodities. Environment International, 27(2/3): 181–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Dan, 2011. An empirical analysis of nonpoint source pollution control policy on livestock farming in Lake Tai Watershed [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Shuxia, 2005. The spatial and temporal change of nitrogen and phosphorus produced by livestock and poultry & their effects on agricultural non-point pollution in China [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Scences. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie Zhonglei, Zhu Hongshuang, Li Wenyan et al., 2011. Distribution of Cu and Zn in system of animal manures/excrement-subsoil under natural stacking of animal manures in Jilin, China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, (11): 2279–2284. (in Chinese)

  • Xu Junxiang, Liu Xiaoli, Wang Fanghao et al., 2005. The distribution of phosphorus resources and utilization of animal manure in China. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, (4): 5–9. (in Chinese)

  • Zhu Mei, 2011. Study on agricultural NPS loads of Haihe Basin and assessment on its environmental impact [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China

    Qiang Fu, Yunfeng Kong & Jiulin Sun

  2. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China

    Qiang Fu, Yunqiang Zhu & Jiulin Sun

  3. Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China

    Qiang Fu & Yunfeng Kong

Authors
  1. Qiang Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yunqiang Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yunfeng Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiulin Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yunqiang Zhu.

Additional information

Foundation: Key Program of Special Science Research in Environmental Protection Public Welfare Industry, No.201009017; Research Plan of LREIS, No.088RA900KA; Key Project for the Strategic Plan in IGSNRR, CAS, No.2012ZD010

Author: Fu Qiang (1980–), Ph.D and Lecturer, specialized in GIS/RS applications and spatial data analysis.

Some of the research results have been reported in Acta Geographica Sinica.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fu, Q., Zhu, Y., Kong, Y. et al. Spatial analysis and districting of the livestock and poultry breeding in China. J. Geogr. Sci. 22, 1079–1100 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-012-0984-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-012-0984-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation