Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a flipped English classroom intervention on high school students’ information and communication technology (ICT) and English reading comprehension in Taiwan. Forty 10th graders were randomly selected from a representative senior high school as an experimental group (EG) to attend a 12-h flipped English classroom intervention while another 37 10th graders were randomly selected from the same school to be the comparison group. All participants completed the high school student questionnaire that assessed students’ ICT, English reading comprehension at the beginning and end of this study. In addition, 4 target students with the lowest pretest scores on ICT from the EG were selected to be observed weekly and interviewed following the posttest. The findings showed that the EG students’ ICT, and English reading comprehension improved significantly during the intervention. The interview and observation results were consistent with the quantitative findings. Educational implications and research recommendations are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asubel, D. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., & Wilie, B. (2012). The flipped class: Myths versus reality. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php.
Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day. Washington, DC; Alexandria, VA: ISTE; ASCD.
Bishop, J. & Verleger, M. (2013, June 23–26). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. Paper presented at 120th ASEE annual conference & exposition. June 23–26, 2013, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://www.asee.org/documents/conferences/annual/2013/2013_program_book.pdf.
Bristol, T. (2014). Flipping the classroom. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 9(1), 43–46.
Chin, M-C. & Lai, W-G (2006). An analysis of the implementation of the Grade 1-9 curriculum plan: Administrative quandary and solutions, Educational Policy Form, (9), 223–244. [秦夢群、賴文堅 (2006)。九年一貫課程實施政策與問題之分析, 教育政策論壇, 9(2), 23–44].
Chung, I. F., & Huang, Y. C. (2010). “English is not easy, but I like it”: An exploratory study of English learning attitudes among elementary school students in Taiwan. Educational Studies, 36(4), 441–445.
Cifuentes, L., & Hsieh, Y.-C. J. (2004). Visualization for middle school students’ engagement in science learning. Journal of Computer in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 23, 109–137.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49, 997–1003.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2001). Research method in education. New York: Routledge Falmer.
Collins, J. (2011). Using the internet as a distance learning tool in selected secondary school areas. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(4), 431–455.
Davies, R. S., Dean, D. I., & Ball, N. (2013). Flipping the classroom and instructional technology integration in a college-level information systems spreadsheet course. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(4), 563–580.
Day, S. P., & Bryce, T. G. K. (2012). The benefits of cooperative learning to socio-scientific discussion in secondary school science. International Journal of Science Education, 35(9), 1533–1560.
Dreyer, C., & Nel, C. (2003). Teaching reading strategies and reading comprehension within a technology-enhanced learning environment. System, 31(3), 349–465.
Educational Testing Service. (2015). I-Skills Assessment. Retrieved October 26, 2015 from https://www.ets.org/iskills/about.
Fasting, R. B., & Lyster, S. A. H. (2005). The effects of computer technology in assisting the development of literacy in young struggling readers and spellers. European Journal of Special Needs Education 20(1), 21–40. Retrieved from http://www.editlib.org/p/93277/.
Finkel, F. (2012, November). Flipping the script in K12. District Administration. Retrieved from http://www.districtadministration.com/article/flipping-script-k12.
Flipped Learning Network. (2012). Improve student learning and teacher satisfaction with one flip of the classroom. Retrieved from http://flippedlearning1.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/classroomwindowinfographic7-12.pdf.
Flumerfelt, S., & Green, G. (2013). Using Lean in the flipped classroom for at risk students. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 356–366.
Fotos, S., & Browne, C. M. (2004). The development of CALL and current options. In S. Fotos & C. M. Browne (Eds.), New perspectives on CALL for second language classroom (pp. 3–14). Mahwah, MJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fulton, K. (2012). Upside down and inside out: Flip your classroom to improve student learning. Learning & Leading with Technology, 39(8), 12–17.
Gehard, J. G. (1996). Teaching English as a foreign or second language. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Gill, C. (1996). Using drama techniques to encourage oral interaction. The English Teacher, 25. Retrieved October from http://www.melta.org.my/ET/1996/main6.html.
Glennan, T. K., & Melmed, A. (1996). Fostering the use of technology: Elements of a national strategy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Goodwin, B., & Miller, K. (2013). Teaching self-regulation has long-term benefits. Educational Leadership, 70(8), 80–81.
Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2010). Digital natives: Where is the evidence? British Educational Research Journal, 36(3), 503–520.
Hsu, S. C. (2006). The reading strategies used by EFL technical students. Journal of Nanya, 26, 159–174.
International ICT Literacy Panel (2002). Digital transformation: A framework for ICT literacy. Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from https://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/ICTREPORT.pdf.
Katz, I. R., & Macklin, A. S. (2007). Information and communication technology (ICT) literacy: Integration and assessment in higher education. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 5(4). Retrieved from http://www.iiisci.org/Journal/SCI/FullText.asp?var=&id=P890541.
Liaw, S. S., Huang, H. M., & Chen, G. D. (2007). Surveying instructor and learner attitudes toward e-learning. Computers & Education, 49, 1066–1080.
Lin, B., & Hsieh, C. (2001). Web-based teaching and learner control: A research review. Computers & Education, 37, 377–386.
Lin, H. S., Hong, Z. R., & Lawrenz, F. (2012). Promoting and scaffolding argumentation through reflective asynchronous discussions. Computers & Education, 59(2), 378–384.
Margaryan, A., Littlejohn, A., & Vojt, G. (2011). Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students’ use of digital technologies. Computers & Education, 56(2), 429–440.
Marszalek, C. S. (1998). Effects on seventh-grade students’ achievement and science anxiety of alternatives to conventional frog dissection (EdD dissertation, Northern Illinois University, USA).
McKay, S. L. (2002). Teaching English as an international language. London: Oxford University Press.
McLaughlin, J. E., Roth, M. T., Glatt, D. M., Gharkholonarehe, N., Davidson, C. A., Griffin, L. M., et al. (2014). The flipped classroom: A course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Academic Medicine, 89(2), 236–243.
Pan, S-T. (2002). Investigation of elementary students’ attitudes in learning English-Taipei area as an example. Retrieved from http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/14046668280013823112.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pellegrini, A. D. (1996). Observing children in their natural worlds: A methodological primer. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6.
Sheu, C. M. (2011). Effects of an online GEPT simulated-test English remedial course on test performance, English language learning strategy us and perceptions. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 20(1), 171–185.
Spires, H. A., Lee, J. K., Turner, K. A., & Johnson, J. (2008). Having our say: Middle grade student perspectives on school, technologies, and academic engagement. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40, 497–515.
Stone, B. (2012). Flip your classroom to increase active Learning and student engagement. Paper presented at 28th annual conference on distance teaching and learning. Retrieved from http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/proceedings/56511_2012.Pdf.
Sun, P. C., Tsai, R. J., Finger, G., Chen, Y. Y., & Yeh, D. (2008). What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1183–1202.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
The Language Taining Testing Center, LTTC (2005). GEPT research report-intermediate level. Retrived from https://www.lttc.ntu.edu.tw/research/i/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%9A%E9%A0%90%E8%A9%A6%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pdf.
Tucker, B. (2012). The flipped classroom: Online instruction at home frees class time for learning. Education Next, 12, 82–83.
Tyler, L. (2005). ICT literacy: Equipping students to succeed in an information-rich, technology-based society. Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from https://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/ICT_Literacy/pdf/ICT_Equipping_Students_to_Succeed.pdf.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the National Science Council (Ministry of Science and Technology), Taiwan for the financial support with grant number NSC101-2511-S-110-001-MY3. We would like to thank Professor Frances Lawrenz, University of Minnesota, for offering constructive editing and valuable comments that have significantly contributed to improve the quality of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, YN., Hong, ZR. The effects of a flipped English classroom intervention on students’ information and communication technology and English reading comprehension. Education Tech Research Dev 64, 175–193 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9412-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9412-7