Abstract
The presence of substances of emerging concern—pharmaceuticals—in marine environments has been studied to a lesser extent compared to fresh and wastewaters. This is the first study of pharmaceutical distribution in the Russian part of the Baltic Sea. Among 18 pharmaceuticals previously detected in influent waters of Saint-Petersburg WWTPs, 7 compounds (caffeine [81% of samples], carbamazepine [81%], ketoprofen [60%], diclofenac [23 %], ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and clarithromycin) were recorded in seawater samples in a range of measured concentrations from 0.1 to 4452 ng L−1. Antibiotics were presented in trace concentrations. In sediment samples, 6 pharmaceuticals (0.1–66.2 ng g−1) were detected. The most common was carbamazepine (80%). The remaining compounds were located in decreasing frequency as follows: ketoprofen, trimethoprim, drotaverine, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Some specific features of the Gulf of Finland affecting the distribution of pharmaceutical concentrations were highlighted—among the most important, the megapolis of St. Petersburg with its population over 5 million and freshwater input by the Neva River (high urbanization of the territory with a potent dilution factor). We discussed the suitable set of anthropogenic markers for the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland.
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Change history
06 August 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15735-z
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Andrey Sharov, who performed sampling.
Funding
The study was supported partially by the Ministry of Science and Education Russian Federation (contracts № AAAA-А19-119020190099-1 and AAAA-A19-119020690091-0) and partially by the Russia–Estonia Cross Border Cooperation Program 2014 – 2020 (Project ER90 HAZLESS).
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Z. Zhakovskaya and N. Berezina worked on the development of the experimental design for the monitoring. E. Chernova performed HPLC–HRMS for cyanotoxin analysis and wrote the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
•Pharmaceuticals were studied in the water and sediments of the Gulf of Finland (Russian part).
•Caffeine, carbamazepine, and ketoprofen were main pharmaceuticals in seawater.
•Diclofenac was detected in 23% of seawater samples, in a range of 0.9–4.5 ng L−1.
•Six pharmaceuticals in a range of 0.1–66.2 ng g−1 were established in sediments.
•The most common (80 %) was carbamazepine in sediments.
•Caffeine and carbamazepine are suitable anthropogenic markers for the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland.
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Chernova, E., Zhakovskaya, Z. & Berezina, N. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Russia). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 68871–68884 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15250-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15250-1