Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP), a highly toxic and widely used pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), has been obtained growing concern recently. Electrochemical anodic oxidation technology has been confirmed efficient in eliminating organics from aqueous solution. In this work, we constructed two novel PbO2 electrodes by modifying the middle or active layer with graphene oxide (GO) to degrade aquatic 4-OH-BP. Compared with the pristine PbO2 electrode, the modification by GO could enhance the anchor of the active layer (PbO2 particles) onto the middle layer and improve the isolation of the titanium matrix from the active layer and solution. Therefore, we might obtain the better performance of PbO2 electrodes after modification. Under the experimental conditions optimized by the Box-Behnken design model, as we expected, two novel electrodes (with modified middle layer: 99.85%; with modified active layer: 100%) outperformed the pristine electrode (95.46%) for 4-OH-BP degradation. We proposed the catalytic mechanism of GO-modified electrodes for 4-OH-BP and the degradation pathway of 4-OH-BP and evaluated the toxicity of intermediates based on the quantitative structure-activity relationship model. Furthermore, two GO-modified PbO2 electrodes consumed less energy than commercial boron-doped diamond electrode, reflecting the prominent practicability of GO-modified PbO2 electrode.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study were included in this published article and its supporting information.
References
Amadelli R, Samiolo L, Velichenko AB, Knysh VA, Luk'yanenko TV, Danilov FI (2009) Composite PbО2–TiO2 materials deposited from colloidal electrolyte: electrosynthesis, and physicochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 54:5239–5245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.024
An H, Li Q, Tao D, Cui H, Xu X, Ding L, Sun L, Zhai J (2011) The synthesis and characterization of Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes: the influence of morphology caused by different electrochemical deposition time. Appl Surf Sci 258:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.08.034
Asaithambi P, Govindarajan R, Yesuf MB, Alemayehu E (2020) Removal of color, COD and determination of power consumption from landfill leachate wastewater using an electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Sep Purif Technol 233:115935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115935
Barbari K, Delimi R, Benredjem Z, Saaidia S, Djemel A, Chouchane T, Oturan N, Oturan MA (2018) Photocatalytically-assisted electrooxidation of herbicide fenuron using a new bifunctional electrode PbO2/SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti//Ti/TiO2. Chemosphere 203:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.126
Cao J, Zhao H, Cao F, Zhang J, Cao C (2009) Electrocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol on F-doped PbO2 anodes. Electrochim Acta 54:2595–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.049
Chai S, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhang Y-N, Wang Y, Jin Y, Huang X (2014) Fabrication and enhanced electrocatalytic activity of 3D highly ordered macroporous PbO2 electrode for recalcitrant pollutant incineration. Appl Catal B Environ 147:275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.046
Chen Z, Yu Q, Liao D-H, Guo Z-C, Wu J (2013) Influence of nano-CeO2 on coating structure and properties of electrodeposited Al/α-PbO2/β-PbO2. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc 23:1382–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(13)62607-2
Chen L, Tian L, Xie J, Zhang C, Chen J, Wang Y, Li Q, Lv K, Deng K (2020) One-step solid state synthesis of facet-dependent contact TiO2 hollow nanocubes and reduced graphene oxide hybrids with 3D/2D heterojunctions for enhanced visible photocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci 504:144353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144353
Duan X, Zhao C, Liu W, Zhao X, Chang L (2017) Fabrication of a novel PbO2 electrode with a graphene nanosheet interlayer for electrochemical oxidation of 2-chlorophenol. Electrochim Acta 240:424–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.114
He Y, Xu R, Huang W, Chen R (2015) Anodic oxidation of aspirin on PbO2, BDD and porous Ti/BDD electrodes: mechanism, kinetics and utilization rate. Sep Purif Technol 156:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23444a
Jum'h I, Abdelhay A, Al-Taani H, Telfah A, Alnaief M, Rosiwal S (2017) Fabrication and application of boron doped diamond BDD electrode in olive mill wastewater treatment in Jordan. J Water Reuse Desalin 7:502–510. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.062
Kraft A, Stadelmann M, Blaschke M (2003) Anodic oxidation with doped diamond electrodes: a new advanced oxidation process. J Hazard Mater 103:247–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2003.07.006
Li B, Cao H (2011) ZnO@graphene composite with enhanced performance for the removal of dye from water. J Mater Chem 21:3346–3349. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03253k
Liu Y, Liu H (2008) Comparative studies on the electrocatalytic properties of modified PbO2 anodes. Electrochim Acta 53:5077–5083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.103
Liu L, Zhao G, Wu M, Lei Y, Geng R (2009) Electrochemical degradation of chlorobenzene on boron-doped diamond and platinum electrodes. J Hazard Mater 168:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.004
Long Y, Li H, Xing X, Ni J (2017) Enhanced removal of Microcystis aeruginosa in BDD-CF electrochemical system by simple addition of Fe2+. Chem Eng J 325:360–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.067
Lu J, Li H, Luo Z, Lin H, Yang Z (2018) Occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk of four categories of personal care products in the Xiangjiang River, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:27524–27534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2686-7
Mandal P, Gupta AK, Dubey BK (2018) A novel approach towards multivariate optimization of graphite/PbO2 anode synthesis conditions: insight into its enhanced oxidation ability and physicochemical characteristics. J Environ Chem Eng 6:4438–4451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.048
Mao H, Li H, Li Y, Li L, Yin L, Yang Z (2020) Four typical personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in China: occurrence, removal efficiency, mass loading and emission. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109818
Meijide J, Gomez J, Pazos M, Sanroman MA (2016) Degradation of thiamethoxam by the synergetic effect between anodic oxidation and Fenton reactions. J Hazard Mater 319:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.064
Monforte AR, Oliveira C, Martins S, Silva Ferreira AC (2019) Response surface methodology: a tool to minimize aldehydes formation and oxygen consumption in wine model system. Food Chem 283:559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.063
Murugan AV, Muraliganth T, Manthiram A (2009) Rapid, facile microwave-solvothermal synthesis of graphene nanosheets and their polyaniline nanocomposites for energy strorage. Chem Mater 21:5004–5006. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm902413c
Pan Z, Song C, Li L, Wang H, Pan Y, Wan C, Li J, Wang T, Feng X (2019) Membrane technology coupled with electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment: recent advances and future prospects. Chem Eng J 376:120909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.188
Qiu X, Yang S, Dzakpasu M, Li X, Ding D, Jin P, Chen R, Zhang Q, Wang XC (2019) Attenuation of BPA degradation by SO4− in a system of peroxymonosulfate coupled with Mn/Fe MOF-templated catalysts and its synergism with Cl− and bicarbonate. Chem Eng J 372:605–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.175
Song S, Fan J, He Z, Zhan L, Liu Z, Chen J, Xu X (2010) Electrochemical degradation of azo dye C.I. Reactive Red 195 by anodic oxidation on Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 electrodes. Electrochim Acta 55:3606–3613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.101
Tantis I, Stathatos E, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P (2015) Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of potential water pollutants in the presence of NaCl using nanocrystalline titania films. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 90:1338–1344. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4549
Wang Z-L, Xu D, Xu J-J, Zhang L-L, Zhang X-B (2012) Graphene oxide gel-derived, free-standing, hierarchically porous carbon for high-capacity and high-rate rechargeable Li-O2 batteries. Adv Funct Mater 22:3699–3705. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200403
Xing J, Chen D, Zhao W, Peng X, Bai Z, Zhang W, Zhao X (2015) Preparation and characterization of a novel porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3–CNT/PbO2 electrode for the anodic oxidation of phenol wastewater. RSC Adv 5:53504–53513. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07146a
Xu D, Zhang L, Wang H, Bian Z (2019) Optimization of electrochemical sequential reduction-oxidation of chlorophene with CoNi alloy anchored ionic liquid-graphene cathode: comparison, mechanism and toxicity study. Chem Eng J 358:1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.129
Yao Y, Li M, Yang Y, Cui L, Guo L (2019) Electrochemical degradation of insecticide hexazinone with Bi-doped PbO2 electrode: influencing factors, intermediates and degradation mechanism. Chemosphere 216:812–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.191
Yi SS, Yan JM, Jiang Q (2018) Carbon quantum dot sensitized integrated Fe2O3@g-C3N4 core–shell nanoarray photoanode towards highly efficient water oxidation. J Mater Chem A 6:9839–9845. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01908h
Zentai G (2008) X-ray imaging for homeland security. Int Workshop Imaging Syst Tech 3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IST.2008.4659929
Zhang WL, Choi HJ (2015) Graphene/graphene oxide: a new material for electrorheological and magnetorheological applications. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 26:1826–1835. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x15577655
Zhang W, Kong H, Lin H, Lu H, Huang W, Yin J, Lin Z, Bao J (2015) Fabrication, characterization and electrocatalytic application of a lead dioxide electrode with porous titanium substrate. J Alloys Compd 650:705–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.07.222
Zhang K, Wang H, Shao G, Liu W, Fan B, Lu H, Xu H, Zhang R, Yan N, Zhao Y, Zhou Y (2019) Preparation and properties of boron-doped diamond composites fabricated by high-pressure and high-temperature sintering. Ceram Int 45:9271–9277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.005
Zhao Y, Yu H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhang Y (2014) Preparation and characterization of vertically columnar boron doped diamond array electrode. Appl Surf Sci 303:419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.03.017
Zhao W, Xing J, Chen D, Bai Z, Xia Y (2015) Study on the performance of an improved Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 based on porous titanium substrate compared with planar titanium substrate. RSC Adv 5:26530–26539. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13492c
Zhao W, Xing J, Chen D, Jin D, Shen J (2016) Electrochemical degradation of Musk ketone in aqueous solutions using a novel porous Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 775:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.050
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21771194) and National Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 201503108).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ying Fang: conceptualization, writing-original draft, investigation, formal analysis, and data curation
Boyu Liu: conceptualization, writing-original draft, and investigation
Xinghao Liu: writing-review and editing and data curation
Qinghui Peng: formal analysis and data curation
Haipu Li: writing-review and editing, validation, resources, supervision, funding acquisition, and project administration
Zhaoguang Yang: funding acquisition and project administration
All authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ricardo Torres-Palma
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(DOCX 866 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fang, Y., Liu, B., Liu, X. et al. PbO2 electrode modified by graphene oxide to boost electrodegradation of 4-hydroxybenzophenone. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 37636–37646 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13066-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13066-7