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Variations and similarities in structural, chemical, and elemental properties on the ashes derived from the coal due to their combustion in open and controlled manner

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Abstract

Coal fly ash (CFA) and coal-based incense sticks ash (ISA) have several similarities and differences due to the presence of coal as a common component in both of them. CFA are produced from the combustion of pulverized coal during electricity production in the thermal power plants while ISA are produced from the burning of incense sticks at religious places and at houses. A typical black colored Indian, incense sticks are mainly are comprised of coal powder or potassium nitrate, wood chip, fragrance, binder or binding agent, and bamboo sticks. The black colored incense sticks have coal powder or charcoal as a facilitator for smoother burning of incense sticks. The detailed investigation of CFA and ISA by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the morphological, chemical, and elemental properties. Both the coal based ashes comprises minerals like calcites, silicates, ferrous, alumina, and traces of Mg, Na, K, P, Ti, and numerous toxic heavy metals as confirmed by the XRF, ICP-AES, and EDS. While, microscopy revealed the presence of well-organized spherical shaped particles, namely cenospheres, plerospheres, and ferrospheres of size varying from 0.02 μm to 7 microns in CFA. Whereas, ISA particles are irregular, aggregated, calcium to carbon rich whose size varies from 60 nm to 9 microns and absence of well-organized spherical structures. The well developed and crystalline structure in CFA is due to the controlled combustion parameter in thermal power plants during the burning of coal while incense sticks (IS) burning is under uncontrolled manner. So, FTIR and XRD confirmed that the major portion of fly ash constitutes crystalline minerals whereas ISA have mainly amorphous phase minerals. CFA have ferrospheres of both rough and smooth surfaced, which was absent from the ISA and hence ferrous particles of CFA are of high magnetic strength. The detailed investigation of ashes will lead to the applications of ashes in new fields, which will minimize the solid waste pollution in the environment.

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Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

3Al2O3·2SiO2:

mullite

Al2O3:

aluminum oxide

CaO:

lime

Ce:

cerium

CFA:

coal fly ash

CTPPs:

coal-based thermal power plants

Dy:

dysposium

EDS:

electron diffraction spectroscopy

Fe2O3:

hematite, ferrous

FESEM:

field emission scanning electron microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HF:

hydrofluoric acid

ICP-AES:

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

ISA:

incense sticks ash

MTs:

million tons

Na2O:

sodium dioxide

PAH:

polyaromatic hydrocarbons

PCHs:

polyaromatic cyclic hydrocarbons

PDI:

poly dispersity index

PSA:

particle size analyzer

SAED:

scattering area electron diffraction

Sc:

scandium

SiO2:

quartz, silica

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

Th:

thorium

TiO2:

titanium dioxide, gypsum, and rutile

TPPs:

thermal power plants

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Y:

yttrium

Yb, V, Er:

erbium

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Acknowledgements

The authors are also thankful to the Central Instrument Facility-Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology of Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, SRM–University, Chennai, CECRI (CSIR)-Karikudi, Tamil Nadu, and School of Chemistry-Hyderabad University, Telangana, for extending their instrumentation facilities.

Funding

The authors extend their sincere appreciation to researchers supporting project number (RSP-2020/129), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Lifesciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India

    Virendra Kumar Yadav

  2. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India

    Govindhan Gnanamoorthy

  3. Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto

  4. King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Javed Alam & Maqusood Ahamed

  5. Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India

    Neha Gupta & Krishna Kumar Yadav

  6. School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Bijendra Singh

  7. School of Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India

    Nisha Choudhary

  8. Department of Chemistry, Kadi Sarva Vidayalya, Kalol, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Gajendra Kumar Inwati

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Contributions

VKY investigated the samples for ICP-AES, XRF, and EDS, and prepared original draft of the manuscript. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by GG. MMSCP and JA investigated and interpreted XRD, FTIR, and PSA results. MA and NG critically revised the manuscript. BS analyzed and interpreted FESEM micrographs. NC analyzed and interpreted TEM micrographs. GKI prepared original draft of the manuscript. KKY supervised the prepared original draft and revised of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Krishna Kumar Yadav.

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Yadav, V.K., Gnanamoorthy, G., Cabral-Pinto, M.M.S. et al. Variations and similarities in structural, chemical, and elemental properties on the ashes derived from the coal due to their combustion in open and controlled manner. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 32609–32625 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12989-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12989-5

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