Abstract
Multilayer graphene oxide (mGO) was synthesized and functionalized via co-precipitation method to produce magnetic Fe3O4-functionalized multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposite (MmGO). Photocatalytic properties of MmGO were investigated in the photodegradation of raw textile wastewater samples. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed Fe–O vibrations, characterized by the band shift from 636.27 to 587.25 cm−1 on MmGO. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful oxidation of graphite by the (002) peak at 10° and indicated the presence of Fe3O4 on MmGO surface by the peaks at 2θ 35.8° (311), 42.71° (400), 54.09° (511), and 62.8° (440). There was no detection of coercivity field and remnant magnetization, evidencing a material with superparamagnetic properties. Then, the textile effluent was treated by heterogeneous photo-Fenton (HPF) reaction. A 22 factorial design was conducted to evaluate the effects of MmGO dosage and H2O2 concentration on HPF, with color and turbidity removal as response variables. The kinetic behavior of the adsorption and HPF processes was investigated separately, in which, the equilibrium was reached within 60 and 120 min, for adsorption and HPF, respectively. Pseudo-second-order model exhibited the best fit, with COD uptake capacity at equilibrium of 4094.94 mg g−1, for chemical oxygen demand. The modeling of kinetics data showed that the Chan and Chu model was the most representative for HPF, with initial removal rate of 95.52 min−1. The removal of organic matter was 76.36% greater than that reached by conventional treatment at textile mills. The presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles attached to MmGO surface was responsible for the increase of electron mobility and the enhancement of its photocatalytic properties. Finally, MmGO presented low phytotoxic to Cucumis sativus L. with a RGI of 0.53. These results bring satisfactory perspectives regarding further employment, on large scale, of MmGO as nanocatalyst of textile pollutants.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- GO:
-
Single or few layered graphene oxide
- mGO :
-
Multilayer graphene oxide
- MmGO:
-
Magnetic Fe3O4-functionalized multilayer graphene oxide
- MNPs:
-
Magnetic nanoparticles
- AOPs:
-
Advanced oxidation processes
- HPF:
-
Heterogeneous photo-Fenton
- RTWW:
-
Raw textile wastewater
- CTWW:
-
Coagulated textile wastewater
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
- PZO:
-
Pseudo-zero-order (HPF kinetic model)
- PFO:
-
Pseudo-first-order (HPF kinetic model)
- PSO:
-
Pseudo-second-order (HPF kinetic model)
- ADS-PFO:
-
Pseudo-first-order (adsorption kinetics model)
- ADS-PSO:
-
Pseudo-second-order (adsorption kinetics model)
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the technical support in magnetism and XRD analyses provided by the Department of Physics of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), and the technical support regarding materials synthesis and characterization provided by the Center of Advanced Research in Graphene, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (MackGraphe) of the Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
Funding
This work was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) (Grant numbers IBPG-1008-3.06/19, IBPG-1917-3.06/16 and APQ-1086-3.06/15).
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Maryne P. da Silva carried out the methodology, data curation, investigation, and writing (original draft). Ziani S. B. de Souza supported the methodology and investigation. Tiago J. M. Fraga performed the conceptualization, writing (review and editing), and visualization. Jorge Vinicius F. L. Cavalcanti carried out the supervision and data validation. Maurício A. da Motta Sobrinho performed the supervision, resource raising, and project administration. Marcos G. Ghislandi was responsible for the validation of data, supervision, and the review of the text.
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da Silva, M.P., de Souza, Z.S.B., Cavalcanti, J.V.F.L. et al. Adsorptive and photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4-functionalized multilayer graphene oxide in the treatment of industrial textile wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 23684–23698 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10926-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10926-6