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Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat hearts. Exposure was through rat food that was nebulized with the herbicide. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200–300 g) were used. The diet was exposed to 2,4-D in two different doses (CG: control group 10 ml distilled water; LCG: low concentration group 3.71 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml saline at 0.9% and HCG: High concentration group 9.28 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml 0.9% saline). After 6 months of exposure, blood samples were collected for CKMB evaluation, and left ventricular fragments were analyzed by histological evaluation, fibrosis measurements, fractal dimension and immunohistochemistry (BAX, Bcl2, TNF-α and NF-kB). There were no significant changes in CK-MB concentration, histological parameters, fibrosis measurements and fractal dimension. Long-term oral consumption of food nebulized by the herbicide 2,4-D promoted an increase in BAX, Bcl-2/BAX, and cytoplasmic NF-kB in the nuclear area of the group that received the highest dose of the herbicide. This suggests that the herbicide induces cardiotoxicity.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to appreciate the University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Brazil.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Animal Science Program, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil

    Raíssa De Oliveira Mantovani, Gisele Alborghetti Nai, Leonardo de Oliveira Mendes & Francis Lopes Pacagnelli

  2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil

    Dyovana Gomes Pinheiro, Geovana Letícia Fernandes De Oliveira, Stéfani Nobrega Perrud & Francis Lopes Pacagnelli

  3. Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil

    Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira, Allice Santos Cruz Veras & Maria Eduarda de Almeida Tavares

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  1. Raíssa De Oliveira Mantovani
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Contributions

Conception and design of the research: GAN and FLP. Acquisition of data: ROM, DGP, GLFO, SNP, ASCV, and MEAT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: ROM, DGP, GLFO, and SNP. Statistical analysis: FLP. Writing of the manuscript: ROM, GRT, ASCV, MEAT, and LOM. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: FLP and LOM.

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Correspondence to Raíssa De Oliveira Mantovani.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Animal Use Ethics Committee of the University of Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, by Protocol Number 4396.

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The authors confirm that the final version of the manuscript has been reviewed, approved, and consented for publication by all authors.

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Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim

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De Oliveira Mantovani, R., Pinheiro, D.G., De Oliveira, G.L.F. et al. Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 3078–3087 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10699-y

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