Abstract
Due to the bad state of conservation, “Palazzo Governi”, a seventeenth-century building located in the old town district of “Stampace” in Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), was subjected to restoration. Thus, according to the Italian Law n. 1089, the main façade colour must be reproduced, and therefore, its identification was required. The available samples looked fairly degraded, in particular as an easy plaster to crumble; so, some other analyses able to identify the degradation cause were performed. Two different approaches were adopted to attain the first goal, the visual colour assessment by a sensory panel (subjective) and the instrumental measurement by colorimetry (objective). Ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy analyses, as well as conductivity and pH measurements, were performed to evaluate the presence of water-soluble salts inside the plaster, as possible cause of degradation; the binder/aggregate ratio was also evaluated. A full mineralogical and petrographic characterisation of the materials constituting the samples, as well as the identification of their stratigraphy and some other morphologic and structural features suitable to highlight eventual forms of degradation, were performed by optical microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to X-ray microanalysis was been also used in order to confirm and/or to integrate data obtained by optical microscopy. The samples have been compared with two samples coming from two other buildings, also located in Sardinia, that looked in good conservation state. The results evidenced that the causes of degradation come from a high salt (especially sulphate) content and a scarce presence of binder in the plaster that can be imputed to a wrong initial composition and/ or to a leaching by acidic rain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arroyo T, Lozano J, Cabellos JM, Gil-Diaz M, Santos JP, Horrillo C (2009) Evaluation of wine aromatic compounds by a sensory human panel and an electronic nose. J Agric Food Chem 57(24):11543–11549
ASTM D4327-11, (2011) Standard test method for anions in water by suppressed ion chromatography. Book of standards volume 11.01
Balaban MO, Aparicio J, Zotarelli M, Sims C (2008) Quantifying nonhomogeneous colors in agricultural materials. Part II: comparison of machine vision and sensory panel evaluations. J Food Sci 73(9):S438–S442
Caceres D, Diaz M, Shinya P, Infante R (2016) Assessment of peach internal flesh browning through colorimetric measures. Postharvest Biol Technol 111:48–52
Crupi V, Galli G, La Russa MF, Longo F, Maisano G, Majolino D, Malagodi M, Pezzino A, Ricca M, Rossi B, Ruffolo SA, Venuti V (2015) Multi-technique investigation of roman decorated plasters from Villa Dei Quintili (Rome, Italy). Appl Surf Sci 349:924–930
De Luca R, Miriello D, Pecci A, Dominguez-Bella S, Bernal-Casasola D, Cottica D, Bloise A, Crisci GM (2015) Archaeometric study of mortars from the Garum shop at Pompeii, Campania, Italy. Geoarchaeology-An International Journal 30(4):330–351
Diana M, Gabrielli N, Ridolfi S (2007) Sulfur determination on stone monuments with a transportable EDXRF system. X-Ray Spectrom 36:424–428
German Standard, WTA, (1999) Beurteilung von Mauerwerk–Mauerwerksdiagnostik, Merkblatt 4–5-99/D, Freiburg, Germany, tab8
Germinario L, Francesco Andriani F, Laviano R (2015) Decay of calcareous building stone under the combined action of thermoclastism and cryoclastism: a laboratory simulation. Constr Build Mater 75:385–394
Kloppmann W, Rolland O, Proust E, Montech AT (2014) Soluble salt sources in medieval porous limestone sculptures: a multi-isotope (N, O, S) approach. Sci Total Environ 470:559–566
Kronlund D, Bergbreiter A, Meierjohann A, Kronberg L, Linden M, Grosso D, Smatt JH (2015) Hydrophobization of marble pore surfaces using a total immersion treatment method—product selection and optimization of concentration and treatment time. Progress In Organic Coatings 85:159–167
Legge n. 1089 (1939) Tutela delle cose d’interesse artistico o storico (Protection of items of artistic or historical interest), published on the G.U. n. 184 on 08/08/1939
Lugli S, Caroselli M, Dori SM, Vandell V, Marzani G, Segattini R, Bianchi C, Weber J (2016) Building materials and degradation phenomena of the finale Emilia town hall (Modena): an archaeometric study for the restoration project after the 2012 earthquake. Periodico Di Mineralogia 85(1):59–67
Middendorf B, Hughes JJ, Callebaut K, Baronio G, Papayianni I (2005) Investigative methods for the characterisation of historic mortars—part 2: chemical characterization. Mater Struct 38:771–780
Newman J, O’Riordan D, Jacquier JC, O’Sullivan M (2015) Masking of bitterness in dairy protein hydrolysates: comparison of an electronic tongue and a trained sensory panel as means of directing the masking strategy Lwt. Food Science and Technology 63(1):751–757
Nuno M, Pesce GL, Bowen CR, Xenophontos P, Ball RJ (2015) Environmental performance of nano-structured Ca(OH)(2)/TiO2 photocatalytic coatings for buildings. Build Environ 92:734–742
ÖNORM B 3355-1, 2011, Trockenlegung von feuchtem Mauerwerk, Teil 1: Bauwerksdiagnose und Planungsgrundlagen, Wien, ICS: ICS 91.060.10
Ouvrages En Pierre De Taille, Juillet 2003 Sous-direction des monuments historiques Mission études et travaux, Paris, ISBN: 978–2–11-129948-1, p41 et p68
Prieto-Taboada N, Ibarrondo I, Gómez-Laserna O, Martinez-Arkarazo I, Olazabal MA, Madariaga JM (2013) Buildings as repositories of hazardous pollutants of anthropogenic origin. J Hazard Mater 248–249:451–460
Quevedo RA, Aguilera JM, Pedreschi F (2010) Color of salmon fillets by computer vision and sensory panel food. Bioprocess Technology 3:637–643
Rampazzi L, Giussani B, Rizzo B, Corti C, Pozzi A, Dossi C (2011) Monuments as sampling surfaces of recent traffic pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:184–191
Report for Lancaster City Council “Lancaster Cultural Heritage Strategy” Plan 2011–2015, https://web.archive.org/save/_embed/http://www.david-owen-associates.co.uk/images/Lancaster-Cultural-Heritage-Strategy-FINAL-REPORT-.pdf
Sammartino MP, Cau G, Reale R, Ronca S, Visco G (2014) A multidisciplinary diagnostic approach preliminary to the restoration of the country church “San Maurizio” located in Ittiri (SS), Italy. Heritage Science 1(4):1–13
Schanda J. (2007). Tristimulus color measurement of self-luminous sources. colorimetry: understanding the CIE system. Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/9780470175637.ch6. ISBN 978–0–470-04904-4
Teutonico JM (1988) A laboratory manual for architectural conservators. ICCROM, Rome
Tropea C, Sammartino MP, Visco G (2010) Preliminary study to set up a non destructive in situ method to monitor soluble salts content in stone materials; the usefulness of a multivariate approach. Curr Anal Chem 6:94–99
UNI 11087/2003, 2003 BC - Determinazione del contenuto di sali solubili
Visco G, Plattner SH, Fortini P, Di Giovanni S, Sammartino MP (2012b) Microclimate monitoring in the Carcer Tullianum: temporal and spatial correlation and gradients evidenced by multivariate analysis; first campaign. Chem Cent J. 6(S2):S11. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-S2-S11
Visco G, Plattner SH, Fortini P, Sammartino MP (2012a) Second campaign of microclimate monitoring in the Carcer Tullianum: temporal and spatial correlation and gradients evidenced by multivariate analysis. Chem Cent J 6:104. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-104
Visco G. (2014) Preface and acknowledgements Proceedings Book 5th of CMA4CH Employ of Multivariate Analysis and Chemometrics in Cultural Heritage and Environment Fields. Rome, Italy - 14-17 December 2014
Visco G., Plattner S.H., Fortini P. and Sammartino M.P. (submitted) Comparison of the thermo-hygrometric conditions inside the Carcer Tullianum (Rome), before and after its opening to public, assisted by advanced statistic methods. Environ Sci Pollut Res
Acknowledgement
Thank to Dr. Susanne Heide Plattner, PhD, for the translation from German to English of the German and Austrian Norms.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Michel Sablier
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sammartino, M., Genova, C., Ronca, S. et al. A cheap protocol for colour measure and for diagnostic in planning a cultural heritage restoration. Case study: main façade of Palazzo Governi (Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy). Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 13979–13989 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8160-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8160-5